Obesity is a chronic low-grade inflammatory disease (both at the systemic and adipose tissue level) that continues to rise worldwide. It is associated with an abundance of comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes (T2D). Bariatric surgery, which induces modifications of the intestinal tract, is to date the most successful treatment for obesity. Its use has dramatically increased in number as it enables both weight reduction and metabolic improvements, with 60% of patients even achieving diabetes remission. Several mechanisms are actually demonstrated to be involved in those clinical improvements. Importantly, both obesity and T2D share many phenotypic characteristics, including increased systemic and adipose tissue inflammation, as well as gut microbiota dysbiosis. These characteristics are deeply modulated after bariatric surgery. This review will address the host metabolic changes observed after bariatric surgery, focusing on the induced gut architectural changes, as well as on the modifications of the inflammatory tone and the gut microbiota.

中文翻译：

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减肥手术对2型糖尿病的影响：炎症和肠道微生物组的贡献？

肥胖症是一种慢性低度炎症性疾病（在全身和脂肪组织水平），并在全世界范围内持续上升。它与大量合并症（包括2型糖尿病（T2D））相关。减肥手术可诱导肠道改变，是迄今为止肥胖症最成功的治疗方法。它的使用大大增加了数量，因为它既可以减轻体重，又可以改善代谢，其中60％的患者甚至可以缓解糖尿病。实际上已经证明了几种机制参与了这些临床改进。重要的是，肥胖和T2D都有许多表型特征，包括全身和脂肪组织炎症增加以及肠道菌群失调。减肥手术后，这些特征被深深地调制。