To date most studies within the misinformation paradigm have used the visual presentation of a to-be-remembered event that is later tested verbally or visually. However, the well-established encoding specificity hypothesis predicts that congruence between encoding and test phases should lead to fewer memory errors. In Study 1, we examined the susceptibility to misinformation after encoding original information in 1 of 4 different formats: as a film, slides, and as a written or auditory narrative. All participants were tested verbally, and those who encoded original information pictorially (as a video or slides) were more likely to incorrectly accept verbally suggested information. This might be-a consequence of encoding-retrieval format match. In Study 2, using either verbal or pictorial modality during encoding, postevent information, and test (fully crossed design), we partially supported the encoding-retrieval format match hypothesis; however, auditory presentation of original or postevent information modified the effect, showing that a memory trace created after auditory description was the strongest.

中文翻译：

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信息表示形式的差异是否会影响内存失真的敏感性？重新考虑了三阶段错误信息程序。

迄今为止，错误信息范式中的大多数研究都使用了待记忆事件的视觉表示，随后通过语言或视觉方式对其进行了测试。但是，公认的编码特异性假设预测，编码阶段和测试阶段之间的一致性应导致较少的存储错误。在研究1中，我们检查了以4种不同格式之一对原始信息进行编码后的错误信息敏感性：电影，幻灯片，书面或听觉叙述。所有参与者均接受了口头测试，而以图形方式编码原始信息（如视频或幻灯片）的参与者更可能会错误地接受口头建议的信息。这可能是编码检索格式匹配的结果。在研究2中，在编码，事件后信息，和测试（完全交叉设计），我们部分支持编码检索格式匹配假设；但是，通过听觉上的原始信息或事件后信息来修饰效果，表明听觉描述后创建的记忆轨迹最强。