Comparative neuroimaging can identify unique features of the human brain and teach us about human brain evolution. Comparisons with chimpanzees, our closest living primate relative, are critical in this endeavor. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used to compare brain size development, brain structure proportions and brain aging. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging has been used to compare resting brain glucose metabolism. Functional MRI (fMRI) has been used to compare auditory and visual system pathways, as well as resting-state networks of connectivity. Finally, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) has been used to compare structural connectivity. Collectively, these methods have revealed human brain specializations with respect to development, cortical organization, connectivity, and aging. These findings inform our knowledge of the evolutionary changes responsible for the special features of the modern human mind.

中文翻译：

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比较灵长类神经影像学：洞察人脑进化

比较神经影像学可以识别人脑的独特特征，并教会我们有关人脑进化的知识。在这项努力中，与我们最近的灵长类动物亲戚黑猩猩进行比较至关重要。结构磁共振成像 (MRI) 已被用于比较大脑大小的发育、大脑结构比例和大脑老化。正电子发射断层扫描 (PET) 成像已被用于比较静息脑葡萄糖代谢。功能 MRI (fMRI) 已被用于比较听觉和视觉系统通路，以及静息状态的连接网络。最后，扩散加权成像 (DWI) 已被用于比较结构连通性。总的来说，这些方法揭示了人类大脑在发育、皮层组织、连通性和衰老方面的专业化。