Dopamine is well recognized as a neurotransmitter in the brain, and regulates critical functions in a variety of peripheral systems. Growing research has also shown that dopamine acts as an important regulator of immune function. Many immune cells express dopamine receptors and other dopamine related proteins, enabling them to actively respond to dopamine and suggesting that dopaminergic immunoregulation is an important part of proper immune function. A detailed understanding of the physiological concentrations of dopamine in specific regions of the human body, particularly in peripheral systems, is critical to the development of hypotheses and experiments examining the effects of physiologically relevant dopamine concentrations on immune cells. Unfortunately, the dopamine concentrations to which these immune cells would be exposed in different anatomical regions are not clear. To address this issue, this comprehensive review details the current information regarding concentrations of dopamine found in both the central nervous system and in many regions of the periphery. In addition, we discuss the immune cells present in each region, and how these could interact with dopamine in each compartment described. Finally, the review briefly addresses how changes in these dopamine concentrations could influence immune cell dysfunction in several disease states including Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, as well as the collection of pathologies, cognitive and motor symptoms associated with HIV infection in the central nervous system, known as NeuroHIV. These data will improve our understanding of the interactions between the dopaminergic and immune systems during both homeostatic function and in disease, clarify the effects of existing dopaminergic drugs and promote the creation of new therapeutic strategies based on manipulating immune function through dopaminergic signaling.

Graphical Abstract

中文翻译：

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多巴胺在哪里以及免疫细胞如何看待它？：多巴胺介导的免疫细胞在健康和疾病中的功能。


多巴胺被公认为大脑中的神经递质，调节多种外周系统的关键功能。越来越多的研究还表明，多巴胺是免疫功能的重要调节剂。许多免疫细胞表达多巴胺受体和其他多巴胺相关蛋白，使它们能够积极响应多巴胺，这表明多巴胺能免疫调节是正常免疫功能的重要组成部分。详细了解人体特定区域（特别是外周系统）多巴胺的生理浓度对于研究生理相关多巴胺浓度对免疫细胞的影响的假设和实验的发展至关重要。不幸的是，这些免疫细胞在不同解剖区域所暴露的多巴胺浓度尚不清楚。为了解决这个问题，这篇综合综述详细介绍了有关中枢神经系统和外周许多区域中多巴胺浓度的最新信息。此外，我们还讨论了每个区域中存在的免疫细胞，以及它们如何与所描述的每个区室中的多巴胺相互作用。最后，该综述简要讨论了这些多巴胺浓度的变化如何影响多种疾病状态下的免疫细胞功能障碍，包括帕金森病、多发性硬化症、类风湿性关节炎、炎症性肠病，以及与艾滋病毒相关的病理、认知和运动症状的集合中枢神经系统感染，称为 NeuroHIV。 这些数据将提高我们对多巴胺能和免疫系统在稳态功能和疾病期间相互作用的理解，阐明现有多巴胺能药物的作用，并促进基于通过多巴胺能信号传导操纵免疫功能的新治疗策略的创建。

 图解摘要