In this review, a wide array of bioaccumulation markers and biomarkers, used to demonstrate exposure to and effects of environmental contaminants, has been discussed in relation to their feasibility in environmental risk assessment (ERA). Fish bioaccumulation markers may be applied in order to elucidate the aquatic behavior of environmental contaminants, as bioconcentrators to identify certain substances with low water levels and to assess exposure of aquatic organisms. Since it is virtually impossible to predict the fate of xenobiotic substances with simple partitioning models, the complexity of bioaccumulation should be considered, including toxicokinetics, metabolism, biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs), organ-specific bioaccumulation and bound residues. Since it remains hard to accurately predict bioaccumulation in fish, even with highly sophisticated models, analyses of tissue levels are required. The most promising fish bioaccumulation markers are body burdens of persistent organic pollutants, like PCBs and DDTs. Since PCDD and PCDF levels in fish tissues are very low as compared with the sediment levels, their value as bioaccumulation markers remains questionable. Easily biodegradable compounds, such as PAHs and chlorinated phenols, do not tend to accumulate in fish tissues in quantities that reflect the exposure. Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) have been successfully used to mimic bioaccumulation of hydrophobic organic substances in aquatic organisms. In order to assess exposure to or effects of environmental pollutants on aquatic ecosystems, the following suite of fish biomarkers may be examined: biotransformation enzymes (phase I and II), oxidative stress parameters, biotransformation products, stress proteins, metallothioneins (MTs), MXR proteins, hematological parameters, immunological parameters, reproductive and endocrine parameters, genotoxic parameters, neuromuscular parameters, physiological, histological and morphological parameters. All fish biomarkers are evaluated for their potential use in ERA programs, based upon six criteria that have been proposed in the present paper. This evaluation demonstrates that phase I enzymes (e.g. hepatic EROD and CYP1A), biotransformation products (e.g. biliary PAH metabolites), reproductive parameters (e.g. plasma VTG) and genotoxic parameters (e.g. hepatic DNA adducts) are currently the most valuable fish biomarkers for ERA. The use of biomonitoring methods in the control strategies for chemical pollution has several advantages over chemical monitoring. Many of the biological measurements form the only way of integrating effects on a large number of individual and interactive processes in aquatic organisms. Moreover, biological and biochemical effects may link the bioavailability of the compounds of interest with their concentration at target organs and intrinsic toxicity. The limitations of biomonitoring, such as confounding factors that are not related to pollution, should be carefully considered when interpreting biomarker data. Based upon this overview there is little doubt that measurements of bioaccumulation and biomarker responses in fish from contaminated sites offer great promises for providing information that can contribute to environmental monitoring programs designed for various aspects of ERA.

中文翻译：

---

环境风险评估中鱼类生物蓄积和生物标志物：综述。

在这篇综述中，关于其在环境风险评估（ERA）中的可行性，讨论了用于证明暴露于环境污染物及其影响的各种各样的生物累积标记和生物标记。鱼类生物蓄积标志物可以用作阐明环境污染物的水生行为，作为生物浓缩器来识别某些低水位物质并评估水生生物的暴露。由于实际上不可能用简单的分配模型来预测异种物质的命运，因此应考虑生物累积的复杂性，包括毒物动力学，代谢，生物沉积物积累因子（BSAF），器官特异性生物累积和结合残留物。由于仍然很难准确预测鱼类的生物蓄积，即使使用高度复杂的模型，也需要对组织水平进行分析。最有前途的鱼类生物蓄积标志物是持久性有机污染物（如多氯联苯和滴滴涕）的身体负担。由于鱼类组织中PCDD和PCDF的水平与沉积物水平相比非常低，因此它们作为生物蓄积标志物的价值仍然值得商question。易于生物降解的化合物，例如PAH和氯化苯酚，往往不会在鱼组织中积累反映暴露量的数量。半透膜装置（SPMD）已成功用于模拟水生生物中疏水有机物质的生物蓄积。为了评估环境污染物对水生生态系统的暴露或影响，可以检查以下鱼类生物标志物组合：生物转化酶（I和II期），氧化应激参数，生物转化产物，应激蛋白，金属硫蛋白（MTs），MXR蛋白，血液学参数，免疫学参数，生殖和内分泌参数，遗传毒性参数，神经肌肉参数，生理，组织学和形态学参数。根据本文提出的六个标准，评估了所有鱼类生物标记物在ERA计划中的潜在用途。该评估表明，I期酶（例如肝EROD和CYP1A），生物转化产物（例如胆汁PAH代谢物），生殖参数（例如血浆VTG）和遗传毒性参数（例如肝DNA加合物）是ERA最有价值的鱼类生物标记。在化学污染控制策略中使用生物监测方法比化学监测具有多个优势。许多生物学测量方法是整合对水生生物中大量个体和相互作用过程的影响的唯一方法。此外，生物学和生化作用可能将目标化合物的生物利用度与其在靶器官的浓度和内在毒性联系在一起。在解释生物标志物数据时，应仔细考虑生物监测的局限性，例如与污染无关的混杂因素。