Excess moisture and microbial growth have been associated with adverse health effects, especially in the airways, of the inhabitants of moisture-damaged buildings. The spores of Penicillium spp. are commonly present in the indoor air, both in moisture-damaged and in reference buildings, though their numbers seem to be significantly higher in the damaged buildings. To assess the potential of Penicillium spinulosum to evoke harmful respiratory effects, mice were exposed via intratracheal instillation to a single dose of the spores of P. spinulosum, isolated from the indoor air of a moisture-damaged building (1×10(5), 1×10(6), 5×10(6), 1×10(7) or 5×10(7) spores). Inflammation and toxicity in lungs were evaluated 24 h later. The time-course of the effects was investigated with the dose of 5×10(6) spores for 28 days. The fungal spores caused mild transient inflammation. The spore exposure transiently increased proinflammatory cytokine (TNFα and IL-6) levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The highest concentrations of both cytokines were measured at 6 h after a single dosage. The spore exposure did not cause expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in lavaged cells. Neutrophils were acutely recruited into airways, but the response leveled off in 3 days. Neither cytotoxicity nor major changes in vascular permeability (i.e. increases in albumin, total protein, lactate dehydrogenase or hemoglobin levels in BALF) were observed in the lungs. Considering the profile and magnitude of the changes and the dose of the spores, we conclude that P. spinulosum has a low potential to cause acute respiratory inflammation, nor does it cause direct cytotoxicity.

中文翻译：

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从小鼠肺部受湿气损坏的建筑物的室内空气中分离出的青霉菌孢子的孢子具有炎性潜能。

水分过多和微生物的生长与水分受损的建筑物的居民的健康，特别是在呼吸道中的不良影响有关。青霉属的孢子。在潮湿的建筑物和参考建筑物中，室内空气中普遍存在这些污染物，尽管在受损建筑物中，其数量似乎要高得多。为了评估旋转青霉可能诱发有害的呼吸作用的方法，通过气管内滴注使小鼠暴露于单剂量的螺旋藻孢子，这些孢子与潮湿的建筑物的室内空气隔离（1×10（5）， 1×10（6），5×10（6），1×10（7）或5×10（7）孢子）。24小时后评估肺部炎症和毒性。用5×10（6）个孢子剂量研究28天的效果的时程。真菌孢子引起轻度的短暂炎症。孢子暴露以剂量和时间依赖性方式瞬时增加支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中促炎细胞因子（TNFα和IL-6）的水平。在单次给药后6小时测量了两种细胞因子的最高浓度。孢子暴露并未在灌肠细胞中引起诱导型一氧化氮合酶的表达。中性粒细胞被急性招募入气道，但反应在3天内趋于平稳。在肺部既未观察到细胞毒性，也未观察到血管通透性的重大变化（即白蛋白，总蛋白，乳酸脱氢酶或血红蛋白水平升高）。考虑到变化的概况和大小以及孢子的剂量，我们得出结论，菠菜假单胞菌引起急性呼吸道炎症的可能性较低，