Aiming to develop environmentally compatible chemical syntheses, the replacement of traditional organic solvents with ionic liquids (ILs) has attracted considerable attention. ILs are special molten salts with melting points below 100 degrees C that are typically constituted of organic cations (imidazolium, pyridinium, sulfonium, phosphonium, etc.) and inorganic anions. Due to their ionic nature, they are endowed with high chemical and thermal stability, good solvent properties, and non-measurable vapor pressure. Although the recovery of unaltered ILs and recycling partly compensate their rather high cost, it is important to develop new synthetic approaches to less expensive and environmentally sustainable ILs based on renewable raw materials. In fact, most of these alternative solvents are still prepared starting from fossil feedstocks. Until now, only a limited number of ILs have been prepared from renewable sources. Surprisingly, the most available and inexpensive raw material, i.e., carbohydrates, has been hardly exploited in the synthesis of ILs. In 2003 imidazolium-based ILs were prepared from o-fructose and used as solvents in Mizoroki-Heck and Diels-Alder reactions. Later on, the first chiral ILs derived from sugars were prepared from methyl D-glucopyranoside. In the same year, a family of new chiral ILs, obtained from commercial isosorbide (dianhydro-D-glucitol), was described. A closely related approach was followed by other researchers to synthesize mono- and bis-ammonium ILs from isomannide (dianhydro-D-mannitol). Finally, a few ILs bearing a pentofuranose unit as the chiral moiety were prepared using sugar phosphates as glycosyl donors and 1-methylimidazole as the acceptor.

中文翻译：

---

天然糖衍生的离子液体的合成与应用。

为了开发环境兼容的化学合成物，用离子液体（ILs）代替传统的有机溶剂已引起了广泛的关注。IL是熔点低于100摄氏度的特殊熔融盐，通常由有机阳离子（咪唑鎓，吡啶鎓，sulf，phospho等）和无机阴离子组成。由于它们的离子性质，它们具有很高的化学和热稳定性，良好的溶剂性能以及不可测量的蒸气压。尽管回收未改变的IL并进行回收可以部分补偿其相当高的成本，但重要的是开发新的合成方法，以可再生原料为基础，开发成本更低，环境可持续的IL。实际上，大多数这些替代溶剂仍然是从化石原料开始制备的。到现在，从可再生资源中仅制备了有限数量的IL。出人意料的是，在IL的合成中几乎没有利用最可得和最便宜的原料，即碳水化合物。2003年，由邻果糖制备了基于咪唑鎓的IL，并用作Mizoroki-Heck和Diels-Alder反应的溶剂。随后，由甲基D-吡喃葡萄糖苷制备了第一批衍生自糖的手性IL。同年，描述了从商业异山梨醇（双水-D-葡萄糖醇）获得的新的手性IL家族。其他研究人员遵循了密切相关的方法，从异甘露糖苷（双脱水-D-甘露糖醇）合成单铵和双铵IL。最后，使用糖磷酸酯作为糖基供体和1-甲基咪唑作为受体来制备一些带有戊呋喃糖单元作为手性部分的IL。