Black foot disease is a serious disease of grapevine crops in most areas where vines are grown. Mainly two species of Cylindrocarpon, C. destructans and C. macrodidymum, are associated with this disease. Recent studies have revealed a tremendous molecular variation within the former but only slight molecular variation within the latter, indicating that C. destructans presents a complex of several species The present study elucidates the taxonomic status of C. destructans-like isolates associated with black foot disease of grapevines. Grapevine isolates were studied morphologically, subjected to DNA analyses of their ITS and partial beta-tubulin genes, and were mated in all combinations in vitro. Cylindrocarpon destructans strains isolated from grapevines in Europe and South Africa appeared morphologically and genetically identical, and had identical ITS and partial beta-tubulin gene sequences. Phylogenetic analyses placed these strains in a clade closely related but clearly distinct from other clades with C. destructans-like anamorphs obtained from various herbaceous or woody hosts. Only the ex-type strain of Cylindrocarpon liriodendri had identical sequences to strains isolated from grapevines, and could also not be distinguished by morphological characters. The grapevine isolates are therefore reidentified here as Cylindrocarpon liriodendri. Cylindrocarpn liriodendri formed perithecia in heterothallic conditions and the holomorph of this species is described as Neonectria liriodendri sp. nov. Neonectria liriodendri is genetically distinct from the ex-type strain of Neonectria radicicola, which originated from Cyclamen in Sweden. Both ex-type strains also differ from at least two other clades comprising additional C. destructans-like strains. Many of these strains originated from Panax sp., which is the host of the type of C. destructans. Our phylogenetic analyses indicate that C. destructans is not the anamorph of N. radicicola and that N. liriodendri, N. radicicola and several C. destructans-like taxa may have evolved independently within the same phylogenetic species complex.

中文翻译：

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Neonectria liriodendri sp. 11月，葡萄藤黑足病的主要病原体。

黑脚病是大多数葡萄种植地区的葡萄作物的严重病害。主要有两种 Cylindrocarpon，C. destructans 和 C. macrodidymum，与这种疾病有关。最近的研究揭示了前者的巨大分子变异，而后者只有轻微的分子变异，表明 C. destructans 是几个物种的复合体 本研究阐明了与黑足病相关的 C. destructans 样分离株的分类地位的葡萄藤。对葡萄分离株进行形态学研究，对其 ITS 和部​​分 β-微管蛋白基因进行 DNA 分析，并在体外以所有组合进行交配。从欧洲和南非的葡萄藤中分离出的 Cylindrocarpon destructans 菌株在形态和遗传上均相同，并且具有相同的 ITS 和部​​分 β-微管蛋白基因序列。系统发育分析将这些菌株置于一个密切相关的进化枝中，但与其他进化枝明显不同，这些进化枝具有从各​​种草本或木本宿主中获得的类似 C. destructans 的无性态。仅Cylindrocarpon liriodendri ex型菌株与从葡萄藤分离的菌株具有相同的序列，并且也不能通过形态特征区分。因此，葡萄树分离株在此被重新鉴定为 Cylindrocarpon liriodendri。Cylindrocarpn liriodendri 在异种条件下形成了perithecia，该物种的全形被描述为Neonectria liriodendri sp。十一月 Neonectria liriodendri 在遗传上与 Neonectria radicicola 的前型菌株不同，后者起源于瑞典的仙客来。两种前型菌株也不同于至少两个其他进化枝，这些进化枝包含额外的类似破坏链球菌的菌株。许多这些菌株源自 Panax sp.，它是 C. destructans 类型的宿主。我们的系统发育分析表明，C. destructans 不是 N. radicicola 的无型态，而且北美猪笼草、N. radicicola 和几个类似 C. destructans 的分类群可能在同一系统发育物种复合体中独立进化。