Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are a group of proteins that protect organisms from deep freezing temperatures and are expressed in vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, bacteria, and fungi. The nuclear magnetic resonance, x-ray structure, and many spectroscopic studies with AFPs have been instrumental in determining the structure-function relationship. Mutational studies have indicated the importance of hydrophobic residues in ice binding. Various studies have pointed out that the mechanism of AFP action is through its adsorption on the ice surface, which leads to a curved surface, preventing further growth of ice by the "Kelvin effect." The AFPs have potential industrial, medical, and agricultural application in different fields, such as food technology, preservation of cell lines, organs, cryosurgery, and cold hardy transgenic plants and animals. However, the applications of AFPs are marred by high cost due to low yield. This review deals with the source and properties of AFPs from an angle of their application and their potential. The possibility of production using different molecular biological techniques, which will help increase the yield, is also dealt with.

中文翻译：

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抗冻蛋白的性质，潜力和前景。

抗冻蛋白（AFP）是一组蛋白质，可以保护生物免受深冷的影响，并在脊椎动物，无脊椎动物，植物，细菌和真菌中表达。核磁共振，X射线结构以及许多使用AFP的光谱学研究在确定结构与功能的关系方面发挥了重要作用。突变研究表明疏水残基在冰结合中的重要性。各种研究指出，AFP作用的机理是通过其吸附在冰面上，从而导致曲面弯曲，从而通过“开尔文效应”阻止冰的进一步生长。AFP在食品技术，细胞系保存，器官，冷冻手术，以及耐寒的转基因动植物。然而，由于产率低，AFP的应用受到高成本的损害。本文从其应用和潜力的角度探讨了AFP的来源和特性。还讨论了使用不同的分子生物学技术进行生产的可能性，这将有助于提高产量。