A systematic literature survey suggests that there are 1399 species of human pathogen. Of these, 87 were first reported in humans in the years since 1980. The new species are disproportionately viruses, have a global distribution, and are mostly associated with animal reservoirs. Their emergence is often driven by ecological changes, especially with how human populations interact with animal reservoirs. Here, we review the process of pathogen emergence over both ecological and evolutionary time scales by reference to the "pathogen pyramid." We also consider the public health implications of the continuing emergence of new pathogens, focusing on the importance of international surveillance.

中文翻译：

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新型人类病原体的生态起源。

一项系统的文献调查表明，有1399种人类病原体。其中，自1980年以来的几年中，人类首次报道了87种。新物种是不成比例的病毒，具有全球分布，并且主要与动物水库相关。它们的出现通常是由生态变化驱动的，尤其是人类与动物水库相互作用的方式。在这里，我们通过参考“病原体金字塔”回顾了生态和进化时间尺度上病原体的出现过程。我们还考虑了新病原体持续出现对公共卫生的影响，重点是国际监测的重要性。