BACKGROUND Groupers are a vulnerable but economically important group of fish, especially for small-scale fisheries. We investigated catches and local ecological knowledge (LEK) of diet, habitat, and past fishing experiences. METHODS Landings, prices, interviews, and restaurants demand for two species, Epinephelus marginatus (dusky grouper) and Epinephelus morio (red grouper), were registered. RESULTS We visited 74 markets and 79 sites on the coast of Brazil in 2017-2018, and we interviewed 71 fishers: Bahia (NE), Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo (SE), and Santa Catarina (S). The landings sampled of dusky grouper (2016-2017) in Rio de Janeiro were: n = 222, size 38-109 cm, weight 1-24 kg, average 3.84 kg; in São Paulo, São Sebastião were: n = 47, size 39-106 cm, weight 2-8 kg, average of 2.77 kg; and at Santos: n = 80, 26-120 cm, weight 0.36-15 kg, average 2.72 kg. Red grouper was observed in markets in the northeastern Brazil. We did not observe Epinephelus marginatus from Bahia northward; a maximum size of 200 cm was reported south of the Bahia, besides Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo coasts, 20 years ago (or longer) by 12 fishers. Local knowledge of fishers was important for grouper data of habitat and diet; the reproduction period was identified by fishers as September to March. CONCLUSIONS Groupers can be considered as a cultural and ecological keystone species. We suggest protective measures: 1) fishing zoning, 2) islands (MPAs) with the surveillance of fishers, 3) late Spring and early Summer as key periods for management (grouper reproduction), 4) studies on grouper larvae, 5) mapping of fishing spots, 6) studies on local knowledge. Collaboration with small-scale fishers and local knowledge could contribute to low-conflict management measures. In that regard, integrative models of management from Latin America, by using local knowledge and citizen science, could produce successful grouper management for Brazilian data-poor fisheries, a contrasting reality to the Mediterranean areas. Finally, the distribution of E. marginatus in Brazil leave us with questions: a) Have dusky groupers disappeared from Bahia because of a decline in the population? b) Was it uncommon in Northeast Brazil? c) Did changes in water temperatures forced a movement southward?

中文翻译：

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巴西沿海地区的渔民和石斑鱼（E鱼和石斑鱼）：整合保护信息。

背景技术石斑鱼是脆弱的但在经济上重要的鱼类，特别是对于小型渔业。我们调查了饮食，栖息地和过去的捕鱼经验的渔获量和当地生态知识（LEK）。方法登记了两种物种的陆栖，价格，采访和餐馆需求，即灰背石斑鱼（Epinephelus marginatus）（暗石斑鱼）和红斑石斑鱼（Epinephelus morio）（红石斑鱼）。结果我们在2017-2018年访问了巴西海岸的74个市场和79个地点，并采访了71位渔民：巴伊亚（NE），里约热内卢和圣保罗（SE）和圣卡塔琳娜（S）。在里约热内卢的黑点石斑鱼（2016-2017年）的着陆采样为：n = 222，尺寸38-109厘米，重量1-24公斤，平均3.84公斤；在圣保罗，圣塞瓦斯蒂安：n = 47，身高39-106厘米，体重2-8公斤，平均2.77公斤；在Santos：n = 80，26-120厘米，体重0.36-15公斤，平均2.72公斤。在巴西东北部的市场中发现了红色石斑鱼。我们没有观察到来自巴伊亚州以北的斑节鱼。据报道，在20年前（或更长时间），巴伊亚以南，里约热内卢和圣保罗海岸以外的最大尺寸为200厘米，有12位渔民。渔民的当地知识对于栖息地和饮食的石斑鱼数据很重要；渔民将繁殖期定为9月至3月。结论石斑鱼可被视为文化和生态的重点物种。我们建议采取以下保护措施：1）捕鱼区划； 2）对渔民进行监视的岛屿（MPA）； 3）作为管理（石斑鱼繁殖）关键时期的春末和夏初； 4）关于石斑鱼幼虫的研究； 5）捕鱼点； 6）关于当地知识的研究。与小规模渔民和当地知识的合作可能有助于低冲突管理措施。在这方面，拉丁美洲的综合管理模式通过利用当地知识和公民科学，可以为巴西数据贫乏的渔业提供成功的石斑鱼管理，这与地中海地区形成了鲜明的对比。最后，巴西的边缘大肠杆菌的分布给我们带来了以下问题：a）巴伊亚州是否由于人口减少而使昏暗的石斑鱼消失了？b）在巴西东北部罕见吗？c）水温变化是否迫使南移？可以为巴西数据贫乏的渔业提供成功的石斑鱼管理，这与地中海地区形成了鲜明的对比。最后，巴西的边缘大肠杆菌的分布给我们带来了以下问题：a）巴伊亚州是否由于人口减少而使昏暗的石斑鱼消失了？b）在巴西东北部罕见吗？c）水温变化是否迫使南移？可以为巴西数据贫乏的渔业提供成功的石斑鱼管理，这与地中海地区形成了鲜明的对比。最后，巴西的边缘大肠杆菌的分布给我们带来了以下问题：a）巴伊亚州是否由于人口减少而使昏暗的石斑鱼消失了？b）在巴西东北部罕见吗？c）水温变化是否迫使南移？