The decline of many arable weed species in Northern Europe has been attributed to the intensification of modern agriculture and in particular, increasing pesticide use. In this study, we examined the effect of two insecticides, dimethoate and deltamethrin, on the germination and seedling growth of six arable weed species. Although germination was unaffected by insecticide application, seedling growth of four species was decreased by exposure to deltamethrin (Capsella bursa-pastoris and Poa annua), dimethoate (Agrostemma githago), or by both insecticides together (Urtica urens). While increased herbicide use, seed cleaning, and changing sowing times may be of primary importance in explaining the reduction of northern Europe's arable weed flora, our results indicate that insecticide use may also be a contributory factor. Moreover, those species that exhibit apparent tolerance of the insecticides tested, particularly the grass Avena fatua, may benefit from continued insecticide use. The ability to tolerate these agrochemicals, in tandem with reduced herbivory and competition from plants, whose growth is reduced by insecticide application, is likely to confer a significant competitive advantage on insecticide-resistant weed species.

中文翻译：

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杀虫剂和可耕杂草：对发芽和幼苗生长的影响。

北欧许多可耕杂草物种的减少归因于现代农业的集约化，特别是农药使用量的增加。在这项研究中，我们研究了两种杀虫剂乐果和溴氰菊酯对六种可耕杂草物种的发芽和幼苗生长的影响。尽管发芽不会受到杀虫剂施用的影响，但通过暴露于溴氰菊酯（s菜（Capsella bursa-pastoris和Poa annua）），乐果（Agrostemma githago）或同时使用两种杀虫剂（Urtica urens）会降低四种物种的幼苗生长。虽然增加除草剂的使用，清洁种子和改变播种时间对于解释减少北欧可耕杂草植物群可能是最重要的，但我们的结果表明，使用杀虫剂也可能是一个促成因素。此外，那些表现出对被测杀虫剂具有明显耐受性的物种，尤其是草类Avena fatua，可能会受益于持续使用杀虫剂。耐受这些农用化学品的能力，以及减少草食和植物竞争的能力，其生长因杀虫剂的施用而减少，这很可能在抗杀虫剂杂草物种上具有显着的竞争优势。