Two approaches have been used to produce red blood cells (RBCs) that could be transfused, regardless of the ABO group of the donor and recipient, the so-called "universal donor" RBCs. The first approach has involved converting group A and B RBCs to group O by cleaving off the terminal immunodominant sugars; the second approach involves masking the A and B antigens with polyethylene glycol (PEG). The latter approach has also been used to mask all other blood group antigens on the RBC membrane, yielding so-called "stealth RBCs"; the hope is that such PEGylated RBCs (PEG-RBCs) will not react with any blood group antibodies and may not be recognized as foreign, thus not initiating an immune response. The former approach is well advanced. Clinical trials have shown that units of group B blood converted to group O, using a galactosidase, survived normally without any ill effects to recipients. Work is progressing on the efficient conversion of group A RBCs to group O. PEG-RBCs can be prepared that will not react with any blood group antibodies in vitro, but RBC survival in animals has not been good. Recent data show that PEG is immunogenic and can induce antibodies that shorten survival of transfused PEG-RBCs in rabbits.

中文翻译：

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调节RBC膜以生产可融合的通用/隐形供体RBC的进展。

已经使用了两种方法来产生可以输血的红细胞（RBC），而与捐赠者和接受者的ABO组无关，即所谓的“通用捐赠者” RBC。第一种方法涉及通过切割末端的免疫优势糖将A组和B组RBC转变为O组。第二种方法涉及用聚乙二醇（PEG）掩盖A和B抗原。后一种方法也已被用来掩盖RBC膜上的所有其他血型抗原，产生所谓的“隐形RBC”。希望这种PEG化的RBC（PEG-RBC）不会与任何血型抗体反应，并且可能不会被识别为异源抗体，因此不会启动免疫反应。前一种方法非常先进。临床试验表明，B组血液的单位转化为O组，使用半乳糖苷酶，可以正常存活，对接受者没有任何不良影响。有效地将A组RBC转化为O组的工作正在进行。可以制备不会与任何血型抗体在体外发生反应的PEG-RBC，但是动物的RBC存活率并不高。最新数据表明，PEG具有免疫原性，可以诱导抗体，从而缩短兔体内输注PEG-RBC的存活时间。