Ghost encounters were found to be a key part of the trauma ontology among Cambodian refugees at a psychiatric clinic, a key idiom of distress. Fifty-four percent of patients had been bothered by ghost encounters in the last month. The severity of being bothered by ghosts in the last month was highly correlated to PTSD severity (r = .8), and among patients bothered by ghosts in the last month, 85.2% had PTSD, versus among those not so bothered, 15.4%, odds ratio of 31.8 (95% confidence level 11.3-89.3), Chi square = 55.0, p < .001. Ghost visitations occurred in multiple experiential modalities that could be classified into three states of consciousness: full sleep (viz., in dream), hypnagogia, that is, upon falling asleep or awakening (viz., in sleep paralysis [SP] and in non-SP hallucinations), and full waking (viz., in hallucinations, visual aura, somatic sensations [chills or goosebumps], and leg cramps). These ghost visitations gave rise to multiple concerns-for example, of being frightened to death or of having the soul called away-as part of an elaborate cosmology. Several heuristic models are presented including a biocultural model of the interaction of trauma and ghost visitation. An extended case illustrates the article's findings.

中文翻译：

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柬埔寨遭受创伤的难民中的鬼魂遭遇：严重程度，与PTSD的关系以及现象学。

在精神病诊所，遇难是柬埔寨难民创伤本体的一个关键部分，这是一个困扰的关键习语。在过去的一个月中，有54％的患者受到过幽灵的困扰。上个月被鬼困扰的严重程度与PTSD严重程度高度相关（r = .8），在上个月被鬼困扰的患者中，有PTSD占85.2％，而那些没有被鬼困扰的患者占15.4％，比值比为31.8（95％置信度11.3-89.3），卡方= 55.0，p <.001。鬼魂探视以多种体验方式发生，可以分为三种意识状态：完全睡眠（即在梦中），催眠，即入睡或觉醒时（即在睡眠麻痹[SP]中和非睡眠状态）。 -SP幻觉）和完全唤醒（即在幻觉中，视觉光环，躯体感觉（发冷或鸡皮ump）和腿抽筋）。这些幽灵般的探访引起了多种关注，例如，作为精心制作的宇宙学的一部分，它们被吓死了或灵魂被召走了。提出了几种启发式模型，包括创伤和幽灵探访相互作用的生物文化模型。一个扩展的案例说明了本文的发现。