Lead halide perovskites have displayed the highest solar power conversion efficiencies of 23% but the toxicity issues of these materials need to be addressed. Lead‐free perovskites have emerged as viable candidates for potential use as light harvesters to ensure clean and green photovoltaic technology. The substitution of lead by Sn, Ge, Bi, Sb, Cu and other potential candidates have reported efficiencies of up to 9%, but there is still a dire need to enhance their efficiencies and stability within the air. A comprehensive review is given on potential substitutes for lead‐free perovskites and their characteristic features like energy bandgaps and optical absorption as well as photovoltaic parameters like open‐circuit voltage (V_OC), fill factor, short‐circuit current density (J _SC), and the device architecture for their efficient use. Lead‐free perovskites do possess a suitable bandgap but have low efficiency. The use of additives has a significant effect on their efficiency and stability. The incorporation of cations like diethylammonium, phenylethyl ammonium, phenylethyl ammonium iodide, etc., or mixed cations at different compositions at the A‐site is reported with engineered bandgaps having significant efficiency and stability. Recent work on the advancement of lead‐free perovskites is also reviewed.

中文翻译：

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钙钛矿太阳能电池中铅的潜在替代品：综述。

卤化铅钙钛矿显示出最高的太阳能转换效率，达到 23%，但这些材料的毒性问题需要解决。无铅钙钛矿已成为潜在用作光收集器的可行候选者，以确保清洁和绿色光伏技术。据报道，用 Sn、Ge、Bi、Sb、Cu 和其他潜在候选材料替代铅的效率高达 9%，但仍然迫切需要提高其在空气中的效率和稳定性。_{对无铅钙钛矿的潜在替代品及其能带隙和}光吸收等特性以及开路电压（VOC）、填充因子、短路_电流密度（JSC ）等光伏参数进行了全面的回顾，以及有效使用它们的设备架构。无铅钙钛矿确实具有合适的带隙，但效率较低。添加剂的使用对其效率和稳定性有显着影响。据报道，在 A 位掺入二乙基铵、苯乙基铵、苯乙基碘化铵等阳离子或不同组成的混合阳离子，可产生具有显着效率和稳定性的工程带隙。还回顾了最近关于无铅钙钛矿进展的工作。