Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been established to play an essential role in the activation of innate immunity by recognizing specific patterns of microbial components. TLR signaling pathways arise from intracytoplasmic TIR domains, which are conserved among all TLRs. Recent accumulating evidence has demonstrated that TIR domain-containing adaptors, such as MyD88, TIRAP, and TRIF, modulate TLR signaling pathways. MyD88 is essential for the induction of inflammatory cytokines triggered by all TLRs. TIRAP is specifically involved in the MyD88-dependent pathway via TLR2 and TLR4, whereas TRIF is implicated in the TLR3- and TLR4-mediated MyD88-independent pathway. Thus, TIR domain-containing adaptors provide specificity of TLR signaling.

中文翻译：

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TLR信号通路。

已经建立了Toll样受体（TLR），以通过识别微生物成分的特定模式在先天免疫的激活中起重要作用。TLR信号传导途径来自胞质内的TIR结构域，在所有TLR之间都是保守的。最近积累的证据表明，含TIR域的衔接子，例如MyD88，TIRAP和TRIF，可调节TLR信号通路。MyD88对于诱导所有TLR触发的炎性细胞因子至关重要。TIRAP特别通过TLR2和TLR4参与MyD88依赖性途径，而TRIF参与TLR3和TLR4介导的MyD88非依赖性途径。因此，含TIR域的衔接子提供TLR信号传导的特异性。