Children and adolescents with the genetic, tumor predisposition syndrome neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) have varying degrees of physical stigmata characteristic of the disease and experience high rates of social difficulties. The present study was the first to formally examine the rate (i.e., percentage of participants) and frequency of bullying victimization in a school-age sample of individuals with NF1. Bullying is defined as harmful behavior that is intentional, repeated, and involves a power imbalance between perpetrators and targets. Given that physical stigmata are characteristic of NF1 to varying degrees, it was hypothesized that bullying experiences would be common in school-age children with NF1. The present study also examined factors including age, gender, and health care provider ratings of severity of physical stigmata on self-reported rates of bullying victimization. Eighty-one school-age children with NF1 and a parent completed established bullying questionnaires. Results showed about 62% of the sample reported being bullied at least once in the last year, with 24.7% reporting being bullied daily. Boys reported significantly greater frequencies of bullying than did girls. Unique differences of gender and level of physical stigmata emerged, such that girls with low stigmata burden experienced significantly higher rates of bullying than girls with high stigmata burden. No differences in frequencies of bullying between low stigmata boys and high stigmata boys were found. The present study suggests that rates of bullying in NF1 are very high, which may be undervalued among adults and medical professionals, given the lack of research on bullying toward youth with NF1. School psychologists are uniquely positioned to implement programs and interventions to address the high rate of bullying toward the school-age NF1 population. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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学龄儿童1型神经纤维瘤病（NF1）的欺凌受害率和频率。

患有遗传性，肿瘤易感性综合征I型神经纤维瘤病（NF1）的儿童和青少年具有不同程度的该疾病的身体柱头特征，并经历了很高的社会困难。本研究是第一个正式检查在学龄期NF1个体中欺凌受害的比率（即参与者的百分比）和发生频率的研究。欺凌被定义为故意的，重复的有害行为，并在犯罪者和目标之间造成权力失衡。鉴于身体的污名在不同程度上是NF1的特征，因此有假设认为欺凌经历在NF1的学龄儿童中很普遍。本研究还研究了年龄，性别，以及卫生保健提供者根据自我报告的欺凌受害率对身体污名的严重性进行评级。八十一名患有NF1的学龄儿童和一名父母填写了既定的欺凌调查表。结果显示，去年约有62％的样本至少被欺负一次，每天有24.7％的样本被欺负。男孩报告的欺凌频率明显高于女孩。性别和身体柱头的水平出现了独特的差异，因此，柱头负担低的女孩比柱头负担高的女孩遭受欺凌的比例明显更高。在低柱头男孩和高柱头男孩之间，没有发现欺凌的频率差异。本研究表明NF1中的欺凌率很高，由于缺乏对NF1青年的欺凌行为的研究，因此在成年人和医学专业人士中这可能被低估了。学校心理学家在实施计划和干预措施方面处于独特的位置，以解决对学龄NF1人群的高欺负率。（PsycINFO数据库记录（c）2019 APA，保留所有权利）。