The generation of sound from flapping (i.e. wing tones) of mosquito (Culex) wings is investigated using computational modeling. The flow field around the wing is simulated by solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations using a sharp-interface immersed boundary method, and the aeroacoustic sound is predicted by the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings equation using data from the aerodynamic simulations. In addition to the aerodynamics, the characteristics of mosquito's wing tone, spectral directivity patterns, and generation mechanisms are investigated. The effects of wing-beat frequency and stroke amplitude are also studied, and scaling analysis for the mean lift, mechanical power, and overall wing tone sound power are performed to understand the effects of the wing shape and kinematics parameters. The analysis shows that the high wing aspect-ratio, high wing beat frequency, and small stroke amplitude adopted by mosquitoes enable efficient generation of high-intensity wing-tones for acoustic communications. The present findings may also apply to the optimized noise control in the flapping-wing micro air vehicles (FWMAV).

中文翻译：

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蚊子产生翅膀的机理和规模。

使用计算模型研究了蚊子（库克斯）翅膀拍打（即翅膀音）产生的声音。机翼周围的流场通过使用锐界面浸入边界法求解不可压缩的Navier-Stokes方程进行模拟，并且Ffowcs Williams和Hawkings方程使用空气动力学模拟的数据预测空气声学声音。除了空气动力学特性外，还研究了蚊子的翅膀音调，光谱指向性模式和产生机理。还研究了机翼搏动频率和冲程幅度的影响，并对平均升力，机械功率和总体机翼音声功率进行了定标分析，以了解机翼形状和运动学参数的影响。分析表明，蚊子采用高机翼长宽比，高机翼拍频和较小的冲程幅度，可以有效地产生高强度的机翼音调，以进行声学通信。本发现还可以应用于襟翼微型飞行器（FWMAV）中的优化噪声控制。