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An estimation of the daily intake of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and other phthalates in the general population.
International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health ( IF 4.5 ) Pub Date : 2003-04-24 , DOI: 10.1078/1438-4639-00205
Holger M Koch 1 , Hans Drexler , Jürgen Angerer
Affiliation  

We analyzed 85 urine samples of the general German population for human specific metabolites of phthalates. By that we avoided contamination with the parent phthalates being omnipresent in the environment and for the first time could deduce each individual's internal exposure to phthalates without contamination. Determined were the secondary metabolites mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl)phthalate (5OH-MEHP) and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxo-hexyl)phthalate (5oxo-MEHP) of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and the primary monoester metabolites of DEHP, di-noctylphthalate (DnOP), di-n-butylphthalate (DnBP), butylbenzylphthalate (BBzP) and diethylphthalate (DEP). Based on these internal exposure values we calculated the daily intake of the parent phthalates using urinary metabolite excretion factors. For DEHP we determined a median intake of 13.8 micrograms/kg body weight/day and an intake at the 95th percentile of 52.1 micrograms/kg body weight/day. The tolerable daily intake (TDI) value settled by the EU Scientific Committee for Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) is 37 micrograms/kg body weight/day. Twelve percent of the subjects (10 out of 85 samples) within our collective of the general population are exceeding this value. Thirty-one percent of the subjects (26 out of 85 samples) had values higher than the reference dose (RfD) of 20 micrograms/kg body weight/day of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). For DnBP, BBzP, DEP and DnOP intake values at the 95th percentile were 16.2, 2.5, 22.1 and 0.42 micrograms/kg body weight/day respectively. Our results unequivocally prove that the general German population is exposed to DEHP to a much higher extent than previously believed. This is of greatest importance for public health since DEHP is not only the most important phthalate with respect to its production, use, occurrence and omnipresence but also the phthalate with the greatest endocrine disrupting potency. DEHP is strongly suspected to be a developmental and reproductive toxicant. We are not aware of any other environmental contaminant for which the TDI and RfD are exceeded to such an extent within the general population. The transgressions of the TDI and RfD for DEHP are accompanied by considerable ubiquitous exposures to DnBP and BbzP, two phthalates under scrutiny for similar toxicological mechanisms.

中文翻译:

估算一般人群中邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)和其他邻苯二甲酸酯的日摄入量。

我们分析了德国普通人群中85种尿液样本中人类对邻苯二甲酸盐的特定代谢产物。这样,我们避免了母体邻苯二甲酸酯在环境中无处不在的污染,并且首次可以推断出每个人在邻苯二甲酸酯内部的暴露而没有污染。确定了邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯的二次代谢产物邻苯二甲酸单(2-乙基-5-羟己基)酯(5OH-MEHP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基-5-氧代己基)邻苯二甲酸单(2-乙基-5-氧代己酯)(5HP-MEHP) )和DEHP的主要单酯代谢产物,邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯(DnOP),邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(DnBP),邻苯二甲酸丁苄酯(BBzP)和邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)。基于这些内部暴露值,我们使用尿代谢物排泄因子计算了母体邻苯二甲酸酯的日摄入量。对于DEHP,我们确定摄入量的中位数为13。8毫克/千克体重/天,在第95个百分位数的摄入量为52.1毫克/千克体重/天。欧盟毒性,生态毒性和环境科学委员会(CSTEE)确定的每日容许摄入量(TDI)值为37微克/千克体重/天。在我们总体人群中,有12%的受试者(85个样本中的10个)超过了该值。31%的受试者(85个样本中的26个)具有高于美国环境保护署(EPA)的参考剂量(RfD)20微克/ kg体重/天的值。对于DnBP,第95个百分点的BBzP,DEP和DnOP摄入量分别为16.2、2.5、22.1和0.42微克/ kg体重/天。我们的结果明确地证明,德国的普通人群暴露于DEHP的程度比以前认为的要高得多。这对于公共卫生至关重要,因为DEHP不仅是其生产,使用,发生和无处不在的最重要的邻苯二甲酸盐,而且是内分泌干扰力最大的邻苯二甲酸盐。强烈怀疑DEHP是一种发育和生殖毒物。我们不知道在一般人群中任何其他超过TDI和RfD的环境污染物。THP和RfD对DEHP的侵害伴随着DnBP和BbzP的普遍存在,DnBP和BbzP是两种邻苯二甲酸酯,其毒理学机理相似。这对于公共卫生至关重要,因为DEHP不仅是其生产,使用,发生和无处不在的最重要的邻苯二甲酸盐,而且是内分泌干扰力最大的邻苯二甲酸盐。强烈怀疑DEHP是一种发育和生殖毒物。我们不知道在一般人群中任何其他超过TDI和RfD的环境污染物。TDE和RfD对DEHP的侵害伴随着DnBP和BbzP的普遍存在,DnBP和BbzP是两种邻苯二甲酸酯,其毒理学机理相似。这对于公共卫生至关重要,因为DEHP不仅是其生产,使用,发生和无处不在的最重要的邻苯二甲酸盐,而且是内分泌干扰力最大的邻苯二甲酸盐。强烈怀疑DEHP是一种发育和生殖毒物。我们不知道在一般人群中任何其他超过TDI和RfD的环境污染物。TDE和RfD对DEHP的侵害伴随着DnBP和BbzP的普遍存在,DnBP和BbzP是两种邻苯二甲酸酯,其毒理学机理相似。强烈怀疑DEHP是一种发育和生殖毒物。我们不知道在一般人群中任何其他超过TDI和RfD的环境污染物。TDE和RfD对DEHP的侵害伴随着DnBP和BbzP的普遍存在,DnBP和BbzP是两种邻苯二甲酸酯,其毒理学机理相似。强烈怀疑DEHP是一种发育和生殖毒物。我们不知道在一般人群中任何其他超过TDI和RfD的环境污染物。TDE和RfD对DEHP的侵害伴随着DnBP和BbzP的普遍存在,DnBP和BbzP是两种邻苯二甲酸酯,其毒理学机理相似。
更新日期:2019-11-01
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