In 1851 Helmholtz introduced the ophthalmoscope. The instrument allowed the observation of light reflected at the fundus. The development of this device was one of the major advancements in ophthalmology. Yet ophthalmoscopy allows only qualitative observation of the eye. Since 1950 attempts were made to address the challenging, quantitative assessment of the amount of light reflected by the fundus. At first, only comparative measurements were possible, applied in the study of macular and visual pigments. With improvements in light detecting techniques, and with the advent of microprocessors, the measurement of spectral and spatial distribution of the reflectance became feasible. This led to the development of models that explained the observed wavelength dependence and the directional behavior of light reflected from the fovea. The models allowed a quantitative assessment of many parameters on absorption and reflection by structures in the human eye. This paper provides a review of both the experimental and theoretical progress, and summarizes the results of fundamental and clinical research using fundus reflectometry.

中文翻译：

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眼底反射-历史和当前观点。

1851年，亥姆霍兹推出了检眼镜。仪器允许观察眼底反射的光。该设备的开发是眼科学的主要进步之一。然而，检眼镜只能对眼睛进行定性观察。自1950年以来，人们一直致力于解决眼底反射光的挑战性定量评估。首先，只有比较测量才可能用于黄斑和视觉色素的研究。随着光检测技术的改进以及微处理器的出现，反射率的光谱和空间分布的测量变得可行。这导致了模型的发展，这些模型解释了观察到的波长依赖性和从中央凹反射的光的定向行为。该模型允许对人眼结构吸收和反射的许多参数进行定量评估。本文概述了实验和理论进展，并总结了使用眼底反射法进行基础和临床研究的结果。