In order to fulfill their roles in neuroendocrine regulation, specific hypothalamic neurons are devoted to produce and deliver biologically active peptides to the pituitary gland. The biosynthesis and release of peptides are strictly controlled by afferents to these hypothalamic neurons. Cell-specific expression and biosynthetic regulation largely relies on transcription from the gene promoter for which the 5(')-flanking regions of the peptidergic genes contain essential elements. Cell-specific transcription factors employ these regulatory elements to exert their control over the expression of the peptidergic gene. This article explores the properties of regulatory elements of the major hypothalamic peptides, somatostatin, growth hormone-releasing hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, corticotropin-releasing hormone, vasopressin and oxytocin, and the transcription factors acting on them. These transcription factors are often endpoints of signal transduction pathways that can be activated by neurotransmitters or steroid hormones. Others are essential to provide cell-specific expression of the peptidergic gene during development and mature regulation.

中文翻译：

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下丘脑肽基因启动子的调控

为了履行其在神经内分泌调节中的作用，特定的下丘脑神经元致力于产生生物活性肽并将其输送到垂体。肽的生物合成和释放受到这些下丘脑神经元的传入神经的严格控制。细胞特异性表达和生物合成调节很大程度上依赖于基因启动子的转录，肽能基因的 5(')-侧翼区域包含必需元件。细胞特异性转录因子使用这些调控元件来控制肽能基因的表达。本文探讨了主要下丘脑肽、生长抑素、生长激素释放激素、促性腺激素释放激素、促甲状腺激素释放激素、促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素、加压素和催产素，以及作用于它们的转录因子。这些转录因子通常是可以被神经递质或类固醇激素激活的信号转导通路的终点。其他的对于在发育和成熟调控期间提供肽能基因的细胞特异性表达是必不可少的。