The importance of warfare for human evolution is hotly debated in anthropology. Some authors hypothesize that warfare emerged at least 200,000–100,000 years BP, was frequent, and significantly shaped human social evolution. Other authors claim that warfare is a recent phenomenon, linked to the emergence of agriculture, and mostly explained by cultural rather than evolutionary forces. Here I highlight and critically evaluate six controversial points on the evolutionary bases of warfare. I argue that cultural and evolutionary explanations on the emergence of warfare are not alternative but analyze biological diversity at two distinct levels. An evolved propensity to act aggressively toward outgroup individuals may emerge irrespective of whether warfare appeared early/late during human evolution. Finally, I argue that lethal violence and aggression toward outgroup individuals are two linked but distinct phenomena, and that war and peace are complementary and should not always be treated as two mutually exclusive behavioral responses.

中文翻译：

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从进化的角度看战争。

战争对人类进化的重要性在人类学上引起了激烈的争论。一些作者认为，战争至少在BP出现了200,000–100,000年出现，是频繁的，并且显着影响了人类的社会发展。其他作者声称，战争是一种新近出现的现象，与农业的出现有关，并且主要是由文化而不是进化的力量来解释的。在此，我重点介绍和批判性地评估基于战争进化论的六个争议点。我认为，关于战争出现的文化和进化解释不是替代选择，而是在两个不同的层面上分析生物多样性。无论战争在人类进化过程中是早/晚出现，都有可能发展出对外来个体采取积极行动的倾向。最后，