This article assesses the effectiveness of nutrition programs and policies since the World Food Conference, 10 years ago. The authors perceive several distinct approaches. Just before the World Food Conference, nutrition programs had passed through an era of enchantment with technological solutions (single-cell protein, oilseed protein isolates). Supply was regarded as the problem; protein inadequacy as the crisis. None of the technological fixes had much of an impact on the malnutrition problem. This contributed to a willingness to entertain a much broader approach to nutrition. The new paradigm manifested itself 1st as a movement toward integrated nutrition planning. The national planning process was assumed to be the appropriate vehicle for applying this methodology. However, integrated nutrition planning threatened, conflicted with or at least brought pressure for change in the administrative and political reality of governmental organizations. Moreover, the nutrition community's capacity to respond to the demands flowing from the new paradigm was limited. The difficulties encountered in trying to achieve full integration led to a reexamination of working within traditional sectors but addressing the problem in several key sectors simultaneously, such as health and agriculture. The past decade also saw a move toward analyzing and improving the design and implementation of various kinds of nutrition interventions. The emphasis was on understanding and dealing with the administrative, economic and political realities of such efforts. Incorporation of consumption and nutrition considerations in the analysis and formulation of food policies in some countries is 1 of the important achievements of the past decade. This overwhelmingly economic approach focuses on pricing policies and market effects, recognizing that poverty and purchasing power are central to the malnutrition problem. Analysis of macrofood policy has filled an important void, giving a more concrete and inclusive view of food security. Nutrition progress during the next decade will require the development community to confront a changed environment and several key challenges, namely the surge of conservative politics in the early 1980s, and the severe economic problems most countries face. There is a need to be realistic about the tenacity of the problem and the multiple barriers to implementation of nutrition policies. The challenges face both national governments and development agencies. There is agreement that, during the decade since the World Food Conference, the field of nutrition has gone through a metamorphosis and that there has been progress. However, the development community still faces an unfinished nutrition agenda.

中文翻译：

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营养政策和计划

本文评估了自 10 年前世界粮食大会以来营养计划和政策的有效性。作者认为有几种不同的方法。就在世界粮食大会之前，营养计划已经度过了一个被技术解决方案（单细胞蛋白质、油籽分离蛋白）迷住的时代。供应被视为问题；蛋白质不足为危机。没有一项技术修复对营养不良问题产生太大影响。这促使人们愿意接受更广泛的营养方法。新范式首先表现为向综合营养计划发展。国家规划过程被认为是应用这种方法的适当工具。然而，综合营养规划威胁着，与改变政府组织的行政和政治现实相冲突或至少带来了压力。此外，营养界应对新范式产生的需求的能力是有限的。试图实现完全整合所遇到的困难导致重新审视在传统部门内工作，但同时解决几个关键部门的问题，如卫生和农业。过去十年也出现了分析和改进各种营养干预措施的设计和实施的趋势。重点是理解和处理这些努力的行政、经济和政治现实。在一些国家，将消费和营养因素纳入食品政策的分析和制定中是过去十年的重要成就之一。这种压倒性的经济方法侧重于定价政策和市场效应，认识到贫困和购买力是营养不良问题的核心。宏观粮食政策分析填补了一个重要空白，为粮食安全提供了更加具体和包容的观点。未来十年的营养进步将要求发展界应对变化的环境和若干关键挑战，即 1980 年代初期保守政治的激增以及大多数国家面临的严重经济问题。需要对问题的顽固性和实施营养政策的多重障碍保持现实态度。各国政府和发展机构都面临着挑战。人们一致认为，自世界粮食大会以来的十年间，营养领域经历了蜕变，并取得了进展。然而，发展界仍然面临着未完成的营养议程。