This review focuses on the causes and complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The kidneys are major organs boasting various natural functions, chief among them the stable equilibrium of body fluids by eliminating waste. If the symptoms of CKD can be detected early, effective care is possible. CKD is a major area of investigation because it is the ninth most common cause of death in the United States. The incidence of kidney infection can be correlated with kidney malfunction. The main serological markers for renal disease are serum creatinine and creatinine clearance, which are insensitive and nonspecific to recognition of kidney injury. Standard therapy to prevent the progression of CKD includes dietary protein restriction, hypertension control, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition (ACEi), and angiotensin receptor barricade (ARB). In this review we discuss advances in research on diagnostic biomarkers related to renal diseases and kidney-related injuries.

中文翻译：

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基于不同基因和生物标志物表达的先进方法用于肾脏疾病的诊断和治疗。

这篇综述着重于慢性肾脏病（CKD）的原因和并发症。肾脏是拥有各种自然功能的主要器官，主要器官是通过消除废物来保持体液的稳定平衡。如果可以及早发现CKD症状，则可以进行有效护理。CKD是主要的研究领域，因为它是美国第九大最常见的死亡原因。肾脏感染的发生可能与肾脏功能障碍有关。肾脏疾病的主要血清学标志是血清肌酐和肌酐清除率，它们对识别肾脏损伤不敏感且非特异性。预防CKD进展的标准疗法包括饮食蛋白限制，高血压控制，血管紧张素转化酶抑制（ACEi）和血管紧张素受体屏障（ARB）。