In vitro–induced cork oak (Quercus suber L.) embryos from anther cultures proved to be of haploid origin both by enzyme and RAPD gene marker analysis. The problem considered was to ascertain if embryo cultures originated either from a single haploid cell, from a microspore, or from multiple haploid cells. Therefore, a heterozygotic gene was searched for in the parent tree. The gene coding for shikimate dehydrogenase (SKDH1) proved to be heterozygous in the parental tree, and subsequently, these allozymes were screened for the embryos induced in anther cultures from the same tree. Only haploid embryos were found, confirming the microspore origin. Different genotypes were not identified inside each anther by isozyme analysis, probably because of selective pressure for one embryo early in development, but both parental SKDH1 alleles were found in the embryos of different anthers. The banding patterns detected by RAPD markers permitted the identification of multiple microspore origins inside each anther.

中文翻译：

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酶和RAPD基因标记检测栓皮栎花药胚的单倍体来源

通过酶和 RAPD 基因标记分析，来自花药培养物的体外诱导的栓皮栎（Quercus suber L.）胚胎被证明是单倍体来源。考虑的问题是确定胚胎培养物是源自单个单倍体细胞、小孢子还是多个单倍体细胞。因此，在亲本树中寻找杂合基因。编码莽草酸脱氢酶 (SKDH1) 的基因在亲本树中被证明是杂合的，随后，对这些同种酶在同一棵树的花药培养物中诱导的胚进行了筛选。只发现了单倍体胚胎，证实了小孢子的起源。通过同工酶分析未在每个花药中鉴定出不同的基因型，可能是因为在发育早期对一个胚胎的选择压力，但在不同花药的胚胎中发现了两个亲本 SKDH1 等位基因。RAPD 标记检测到的条带模式允许识别每个花药内的多个小孢子起源。