PURPOSE To identify and monitor the developmental and participation needs of visually impaired (VI) children, the Participation and Activity Inventory for Children and Youth (PAI-CY) has recently been developed involving end-users as stakeholders. The aim was to investigate psychometric properties of the PAI-CY for children between 0 and 2 years. METHODS Responses from 115 parents were included in item analyses, after which a combination of classical test theory and item response theory (IRT) was used. Internal consistency, known-group validity, and test-retest reliability at item and scale level were investigated. RESULTS After deleting four items, the PAI-CY met IRT assumptions, i.e., unidimensionality, local independence, and monotonicity, and satisfactory model fit was obtained. Participants with more severe VI and comorbidity scored significantly worse than those with less severe VI and without comorbidity, supporting known-group validity. Satisfactory internal consistency and test-retest reliability were obtained (Cronbach's alpha 0.95, kappa 0.60-0.91, ICC 0.920). CONCLUSIONS The PAI-CY 0-2 years has acceptable psychometric properties and can be used to systematically assess and monitor developmental and participation needs of very young children with VI from parents' perspectives in low vision practice and research. Confirmation of psychometric properties is necessary, possibly facilitating further item reduction, increased precision, and improved user-friendliness.

中文翻译：

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视觉障碍的0-2岁儿童和青少年参与和活动量表（PAI-CY）的心理测评。

目的为了识别和监控视障（VI）儿童的发展和参与需求，最近制定了《儿童和青少年参与和活动清单》（PAI-CY），最终用户作为利益相关者参与其中。目的是研究0至2岁儿童的PAI-CY心理测量特性。方法项目分析中包括来自115位父母的回答，然后结合经典测试理论和项目响应理论（IRT）。研究了内部一致性，已知组效度以及项目和量表级别的重测信度。结果删除四项后，PAI-CY满足IRT假设，即一维性，局部独立性和单调性，并获得了令人满意的模型拟合。VI和合并症严重程度较重的VI患者，VI和合并症严重程度较无合并症的参与者明显更差，支持已知人群的有效性。获得了令人满意的内部一致性和重测可靠性（Cronbach's alpha 0.95，kappa 0.60-0.91，ICC 0.920）。结论PAI-CY 0-2岁儿童具有可接受的心理测验特性，可用于从父母的低视力实践和研究角度系统评估和监测非常年轻的VI儿童的发育和参与需求。必须确定心理计量学特性，这可能有助于进一步减少物品，提高准确性并改善用户友好性。获得了令人满意的内部一致性和重测可靠性（Cronbach's alpha 0.95，kappa 0.60-0.91，ICC 0.920）。结论PAI-CY 0-2岁儿童具有可接受的心理测验特性，可用于从父母的低视力实践和研究角度系统评估和监测非常年轻的VI儿童的发育和参与需求。必须确定心理计量学特性，这可能有助于进一步减少物品，提高准确性并改善用户友好性。获得了令人满意的内部一致性和重测可靠性（Cronbach's alpha 0.95，kappa 0.60-0.91，ICC 0.920）。结论PAI-CY 0-2岁儿童具有可接受的心理测验特性，可用于从父母的低视力实践和研究角度系统评估和监测非常年轻的VI儿童的发育和参与需求。必须确定心理计量学特性，这可能有助于进一步减少物品，提高准确性并改善用户友好性。低视力实践和研究中的观点。必须确定心理计量学特性，这可能有助于进一步减少物品，提高准确性并改善用户友好性。低视力实践和研究中的观点。必须确定心理计量学特性，这可能有助于进一步减少物品，提高准确性并改善用户友好性。