Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for canine and human solid cancers. Alarmingly, evidence suggests that the process of surgery may exacerbate metastasis and accelerate the kinetics of cancer progression. Understanding the mechanisms by which cancer progression is accelerated as a result of surgery may provide pharmacologic interventions. This review discusses surgery-induced cancer progression. It focuses on immunomodulatory properties of anesthesia and opioids and evidence that studies evaluating the role of opioids in tumor progression are indicated. It concludes by discussing why companion animals with spontaneously arising cancer are an ideal model for clinical trials to investigate this phenomenon.

中文翻译：

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手术，疼痛和阿片类药物对癌症患者的免疫调节作用。

外科手术是犬和人实体癌治疗的主要手段。令人震惊的是，证据表明手术过程可能加剧转移并加速癌症发展的动力学。了解手术导致癌症进展加速的机制可能会提供药理干预措施。这篇评论讨论了手术引起的癌症进展。它着重于麻醉和阿片类药物的免疫调节特性，并有证据表明需要评估阿片类药物在肿瘤进展中的作用的研究。最后，我们讨论了为什么伴有自发性癌症的动物是研究这种现象的临床试验的理想模型。