Epidural and spinal anesthesia with a combination of local anesthetics and opioids (when available) is a commonly used technique in veterinary medicine and a safe one when practiced under strict guidelines. It is a valuable tool in the analgesic armamentarium and can greatly extend the ability to provide analgesia and reduce postoperative opioid requirements. As with all regional anesthetic techniques, clinical experience should be gained in order to practice it efficiently, and care should be taken to minimize the risks and complications associated with its use.

中文翻译：

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硬膜外和脊柱麻醉。

硬膜外麻醉和脊柱麻醉结合局部麻醉药和阿片类药物（如果有的话）是兽药中的一种常用技术，在严格的指导下进行时是安全的。它是镇痛药库中的宝贵工具，可以大大扩展提供镇痛的能力并减少术后阿片类药物的需求。与所有区域麻醉技术一样，应获得临床经验以便有效地进行实践，并应注意将其使用相关的风险和并发症降至最低。