Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer. In the early stages, melanoma can be treated successfully with surgery alone and survival rates are high, but after metastasis survival rates drop significantly. Therefore, early and correct diagnosis is key for ensuring patients have the best possible prognosis. Melanoma misdiagnosis accounts for more pathology and dermatology malpractice claims than any cancer other than breast cancer, as an early misdiagnosis can significantly reduce a patient's chances of survival. As far as treatment for metastatic melanoma goes, there have been several new drugs developed over the last 10 years that have greatly improved the prognosis of patients with metastatic melanoma, however, a majority of patients do not show a lasting response to these treatments. Thus, new biomarkers and drug targets are needed to improve the accuracy of melanoma diagnosis and treatment. This article will discuss the major advancements of melanoma diagnosis and treatment from antiquity to the present day.

中文翻译：

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黑色素瘤的诊断和治疗现状。

黑色素瘤是皮肤癌最致命的形式。在早期阶段，仅通过手术即可成功治疗黑色素瘤，存活率很高，但转移后存活率会明显下降。因此，早期和正确的诊断是确保患者预后最好的关键。黑色素瘤误诊比乳腺癌以外的任何其他癌症都引起更多的病理学和皮肤病学弊端，因为早期误诊会大大降低患者的生存机会。就转移性黑色素瘤的治疗而言，在过去的十年中已经开发了几种新药，这些药物极大地改善了转移性黑色素瘤患者的预后，但是，大多数患者对这些治疗方法未表现出持久的反应。从而，需要新的生物标记物和药物靶标，以提高黑色素瘤诊断和治疗的准确性。本文将讨论从古代到今天黑色素瘤诊断和治疗的主要进展。