Water sharing offers insight into the everyday and, at times, invisible ties that bind people and households with water and to one another. Water sharing can take many forms, including so‐called “pure gifts,” balanced exchanges, and negative reciprocity. In this study, we examine water sharing between households as a culturally embedded practice that may be both need‐based and symbolically meaningful. Drawing on a wide‐ranging review of diverse literatures, we describe how households practice water sharing cross‐culturally in the context of four livelihood strategies (hunter‐gatherer, pastoralist, agricultural, and urban). We then explore how cross‐cutting material conditions (risks and costs/benefits, infrastructure and technologies), socioeconomic processes (social and political power, water entitlements, ethnicity and gender, territorial sovereignty), and cultural norms (moral economies of water, water ontologies, and religious beliefs) shape water sharing practices. Finally, we identify five new directions for future research on water sharing: conceptualization of water sharing; exploitation and status accumulation through water sharing, biocultural approaches to the health risks and benefits of water sharing, cultural meanings and socioeconomic values of waters shared; and water sharing as a way to enact resistance and build alternative economies.

中文翻译：

---

家庭用水共享：跨文化水赠品、交换和转移回顾。


水资源共享让人们深入了解日常生活中的、有时甚至是无形的纽带，这些纽带将人们和家庭与水以及彼此联系在一起。水共享可以采取多种形式，包括所谓的“纯粹礼物”、平衡交换和负互惠。在这项研究中，我们将家庭之间的水共享视为一种嵌入文化的实践，它可能既基于需求又具有象征意义。基于对不同文献的广泛回顾，我们描述了家庭如何在四种生计策略（狩猎采集者、牧民、农业和城市）的背景下跨文化地实践水共享。然后，我们探讨跨领域的物质条件（风险和成本/收益、基础设施和技术）、社会经济进程（社会和政治权力、水权、种族和性别、领土主权）和文化规范（水的道德经济、水）本体论和宗教信仰）塑造了水共享实践。最后，我们确定了未来水资源共享研究的五个新方向：水资源共享的概念化；通过水共享进行开发和地位积累、对水共享的健康风险和益处的生物文化方法、共享水的文化意义和社会经济价值；以及水资源共享作为发起抵抗和建立替代经济的一种方式。