Experiences, such as sensory learning, are known to induce plasticity in mammalian sensory systems. In recent years aversive olfactory learning-induced plasticity has been identified at all stages of the adult olfactory pathway; however, the underlying mechanisms have yet to be identified. Much of the work regarding mechanisms of olfactory associative learning comes from neonates, a time point before which the brain or olfactory system is fully developed. In addition, pups and adults often express different behavioral outcomes when subjected to the same olfactory aversive conditioning paradigm, making it difficult to directly attribute pup mechanisms of plasticity to adults. Despite the differences, there is evidence of similarities between pups and adults in terms of learning-induced changes in the olfactory system, suggesting at least some conserved mechanisms. Identifying these conserved mechanisms of plasticity would dramatically increase our understanding of how the brain is able to alter encoding and consolidation of salient olfactory information even at the earliest stages following aversive learning. The focus of this review is to systematically examine literature regarding olfactory associative learning across developmental stages and search for similarities in order to build testable hypotheses that will inform future studies of aversive learning-induced sensory plasticity in adults.

中文翻译：

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厌恶学习诱导的整个成年哺乳动物嗅觉系统的可塑性：跨发展的见解。

诸如感官学习之类的经验已知会在哺乳动物的感官系统中诱发可塑性。近年来，在成人嗅觉途径的所有阶段都已经确定了厌恶性嗅觉学习引起的可塑性。但是，尚未确定潜在的机制。关于嗅觉联想学习机制的许多工作都来自新生儿，这是大脑或嗅觉系统充分发育的一个时间点。此外，当幼犬和成年犬经历相同的嗅觉厌恶调节范例时，它们通常会表现出不同的行为结果，因此很难将幼崽的可塑性机制直接归因于成年。尽管存在差异，但有证据表明，幼崽与成年成年人在嗅觉系统中由学习引起的变化相似，建议至少一些保守的机制。识别这些保守的可塑性机制将极大地增加我们对大脑如何能够改变显着嗅觉信息的编码和合并的理解，即使在厌恶学习之后的最早阶段也是如此。这篇综述的重点是系统地研究有关跨发育阶段的嗅觉联想学习的文献，并寻找相似之处，以建立可检验的假设，这些信息将为成年人厌恶性学习诱发的感觉可塑性的未来研究提供信息。