Mucosal immunization has potential benefits over conventional parenteral immunization, eliciting immune defense in both mucosal and systemic tissue for protecting from pathogen invasion at mucosal surfaces. To provide a first line of protection at these entry ports, mucosal vaccines have been developed and hold a significant promise for reducing the burden of infectious diseases. However, until very recently, only limited mucosal vaccines are available. This review summarizes recent advances in selected aspects regarding mucosal vaccination, including appropriate administration routes, reasonable formulations, antigen-sampling and immune responses of mucosal immunity, and the strategies used to improve mucosal vaccine efficacy. Finally, the challenges of developing successful mucosal vaccines and the potential solutions are discussed.

中文翻译：

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粘膜疫苗：策略和挑战。

与常规的肠胃外免疫相比，粘膜免疫具有潜在的好处，可以在粘膜和全身组织中引起免疫防御，从而防止病原体侵入粘膜表面。为了在这些进入口提供第一线保护，已经开发了粘膜疫苗，并有望减轻传染病的负担。然而，直到最近，仅可获得有限的粘膜疫苗。这篇综述总结了有关粘膜疫苗接种的某些方面的最新进展，包括适当的给药途径，合理的制剂，粘膜免疫的抗原采样和免疫反应，以及用于改善粘膜疫苗功效的策略。最后，讨论了开发成功的粘膜疫苗的挑战和潜在的解决方案。