Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), also known as macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1) or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene (NAG-1) has been identified as a biomarker of response to treatment and prognosis in cardiovascular diseases. GDF-15 is a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily and is involved in several pathological conditions such as inflammation, cancer, cardiovascular, pulmonary and renal diseases. Cardiac myocytes produce and secrete GDF-15 in response to oxidative stress, stimulation with angiotensin II or proinflammatory cytokines, ischemia, and mechanical stretch. Other cellular sources of GDF-15 production are macrophages, vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and adipocytes, which secrete GDF-15 in response to oxidative or metabolic stress or stimulation of proinflammatory cytokines. GDF-15 is induced in hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathy after volume overload, ischemia, and heart failure. GDF-15 can be used as a marker of prognosis in patients with cardiovascular disorders, in combination with conventional prognostic factors, such as N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and high-sensitivity troponin T (hs-TnT).

中文翻译：

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生长分化因子15在心脏病中的临床影响：2019年更新。

生长分化因子15（GDF-15），也称为巨噬细胞抑制性细胞因子1（MIC-1）或非甾体抗炎药激活基因（NAG-1）已被确定为对治疗反应的生物标志物和心血管疾病的预后。GDF-15是转化生长因子-β超家族的成员，并涉及多种病理状况，例如炎症，癌症，心血管，肺和肾脏疾病。心肌细胞响应氧化应激，血管紧张素II或促炎性细胞因子的刺激，局部缺血和机械性拉伸而产生并分泌GDF-15。GDF-15产生的其他细胞来源是巨噬细胞，血管平滑肌细胞，内皮细胞和脂肪细胞，在氧化或代谢应激或促炎性细胞因子刺激下分泌GDF-15的物质。容量超负荷，局部缺血和心力衰竭后，肥厚性和扩张型心肌病会诱发GDF-15。GDF-15可以与常规预后因素（例如N端pro B型利尿钠肽（NT-proBNP）和高敏感性肌钙蛋白T（hs-TnT））结合用作心血管疾病患者的预后指标）。