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How vaccines work: immune effector mechanisms and designer vaccines.
Expert Review of Vaccines ( IF 6.2 ) Pub Date : 2019-10-01 , DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1674144
Stewart Sell 1
Affiliation  

Introduction: Three major advances have led to increase in length and quality of human life: increased food production, improved sanitation and induction of specific adaptive immune responses to infectious agents (vaccination). Which has had the most impact is subject to debate. The number and variety of infections agents and the mechanisms that they have evolved to allow them to colonize humans remained mysterious and confusing until the last 50 years. Since then science has developed complex and largely successful ways to immunize against many of these infections.Areas covered: Six specific immune defense mechanisms have been identified. neutralization, cytolytic, immune complex, anaphylactic, T-cytotoxicity, and delayed hypersensitivity. The role of each of these immune effector mechanisms in immune responses induced by vaccination against specific infectious agents is the subject of this review.Expertopinion: In the past development of specific vaccines for infections agents was largely by trial and error. With an understanding of the natural history of an infection and the effective immune response to it, one can select the method of vaccination that will elicit the appropriate immune effector mechanisms (designer vaccines). These may act to prevent infection (prevention) or eliminate an established on ongoing infection (therapeutic).Literature search: The primary literature source is Pub Med. Secondary source is Wikipedia.

中文翻译:

疫苗如何发挥作用:免疫效应机制和特制疫苗。

简介:三项主要进步导致人类寿命和质量的提高:粮食产量的增加,卫生条件的改善以及对传染原(疫苗)的特异性适应性免疫反应的诱导。影响最大的是辩论。直到最近50年,感染因子的数量和种类以及它们进化以使其能够在人类中定殖的机制仍然是神秘而令人困惑的。自那时以来,科学界已经开发出复杂且在很大程度上成功的方法来针对许多此类感染进行免疫。涵盖的领域:已经确定了六种特定的免疫防御机制。中和,溶细胞,免疫复合物,过敏性,T细胞毒性和迟发型超敏反应。这些免疫效应机制中的每一种在针对特定传染原的疫苗诱导的免疫应答中的作用均是本综述的主题。经验总结:过去,针对传染原的特定疫苗的开发很大程度上是通过反复试验来实现的。了解了感染的自然病史和对感染的有效免疫反应后,就可以选择一种疫苗接种方法,以激发出适当的免疫效应机制(特殊疫苗)。这些可能起到预防感染(预防)或消除持续感染的确定性(治疗性)的作用。文献检索:主要的文献来源是Pub Med。次要来源是维基百科。过去,用于感染试剂的特定疫苗的开发很大程度上是通过反复试验来实现的。了解了感染的自然病史和对感染的有效免疫反应后,就可以选择一种疫苗接种方法,以激发出适当的免疫效应机制(特殊疫苗)。这些可能起到预防感染(预防)或消除持续感染的确定性(治疗性)的作用。文献检索:主要的文献来源是Pub Med。次要来源是维基百科。过去,用于感染试剂的特定疫苗的开发很大程度上是通过反复试验来实现的。了解了感染的自然病史和对感染的有效免疫反应后,就可以选择一种疫苗接种方法,以激发出适当的免疫效应机制(特殊疫苗)。这些可能起到预防感染(预防)或消除持续感染的确定性(治疗性)的作用。文献检索:主要的文献来源是Pub Med。次要来源是维基百科。这些可能起到预防感染(预防)或消除持续感染的确定性(治疗性)的作用。文献检索:主要的文献来源是Pub Med。次要来源是维基百科。这些可能起到预防感染(预防)或消除持续感染的确定性(治疗性)的作用。文献检索:主要的文献来源是Pub Med。次要来源是维基百科。
更新日期:2019-11-01
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