Animal models are critical to the advancement of our knowledge of infectious disease pathogenesis, diagnostics, therapeutics, and prevention strategies. The use of animal models requires thoughtful consideration for their well-being, as infections can significantly impact the general health of an animal and impair their welfare. Application of the 3Rs-replacement, refinement, and reduction-to animal models using biohazardous agents can improve the scientific merit and animal welfare. Replacement of animal models can use in vitro techniques such as cell culture systems, mathematical models, and engineered tissues or invertebrate animal hosts such as amoeba, worms, fruit flies, and cockroaches. Refinements can use a variety of techniques to more closely monitor the course of disease. These include the use of biomarkers, body temperature, behavioral observations, and clinical scoring systems. Reduction is possible using advanced technologies such as in vivo telemetry and imaging, allowing longitudinal assessment of animals during the course of disease. While there is no single method to universally replace, refine, or reduce animal models, the alternatives and techniques discussed are broadly applicable and they should be considered when infectious disease animal models are developed.

中文翻译：

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在动物研究中用生物危害因子进行的替代，提纯和还原。

动物模型对于提高我们对传染病发病机理，诊断，治疗和预防策略的知识至关重要。动物模型的使用需要考虑其健康状况，因为感染会严重影响动物的整体健康并损害其福利。使用生物危害因子对动物模型进行3Rs置换，提纯和还原可以提高科学价值和动物福利。可以使用体外技术（例如细胞培养系统，数学模型和工程组织）或无脊椎动物动物宿主（例如变形虫，蠕虫，果蝇和蟑螂）来替换动物模型。优化可以使用各种技术来更紧密地监视疾病的进程。其中包括生物标志物的使用，体温，行为观察和临床评分系统。使用先进的技术（例如体内遥测和成像）可以减少污染，从而可以在疾病过程中纵向评估动物。尽管没有一种方法可以普遍替换，完善或减少动物模型，但是所讨论的替代方法和技术广泛适用，在开发传染病动物模型时应考虑它们。