The early incorporation of exposure assessment can be invaluable to help design, prioritize, and interpret toxicological studies or outcomes. The sum total of the exposure assessment findings combined with preliminary toxicology results allows for exposure-informed toxicological study design and the findings can then be integrated, together with available epidemiologic data, to provide health effect relevance. With regard to engineered nanomaterial inhalation toxicology in particular, a single type of material (e.g. carbon nanotube, graphene) can have a vast array of physicochemical characteristics resulting in the potential for varying toxicities. To compound the matter, the methodologies necessary to establish a material adequate for in vivo exposure testing raises questions on the applicability of the outcomes. From insights gained from evaluating carbon nanotubes, we recommend the following integrated approach involving exposure-informed hazard assessment and hazard-informed exposure assessment especially for materials as diverse as engineered nanomaterials: 1) market-informed identification of potential hazards and potentially exposed populations, 2) initial toxicity screening to drive prioritized assessments of exposure, 3) development of exposure assessment-informed chronic and sub-chronic in vivo studies, and 4) conduct of exposure- and hazard-informed epidemiological studies.

中文翻译：

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弥合暴露评估和吸入毒理学之间的差距：来自碳纳米管经验的一些见解

早期纳入暴露评估对于帮助设计、优先排序和解释毒理学研究或结果非常宝贵。暴露评估结果的总和与初步毒理学结果相结合，允许进行暴露知情毒理学研究设计，然后可以将结果与可用的流行病学数据结合起来，以提供健康影响的相关性。特别是在工程纳米材料吸入毒理学方面，单一类型的材料（例如碳纳米管、石墨烯）可能具有多种物理化学特性，从而导致可能产生不同的毒性。使问题更加复杂的是，建立适合体内暴露测试的材料所必需的方法引发了对结果适用性的质疑。