Cultivated in the Eastern Mediterranean region for millennia, the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) was profoundly significant in the economies, ecologies, cultures, and diets of the peoples of many towns and villages of rural Anatolia. When the United States compelled Turkey to eradicate cultivation of the plant in the early 1970s in order to diminish the flow of heroin into America, farmers were obliged to deal with not only changes in their incomes but also profound changes in their relationships with the land and the state. Although Turkish officials later allowed production to resume in a highly controlled manner for pharmaceutical purposes, significant socioeconomic and ecological dimensions of Turkey's poppy‐growing communities were forever changed. Interviewing now‐retired poppy farmers, I employ oral history as my primary source of historical evidence to reconstruct these past ecologies and associated social relationships and to give voice to the informants.

在东地中海地区栽培了几千年的罂粟（罂粟））在安纳托利亚农村许多城镇的乡村的经济，生态，文化和饮食方面具有深远的意义。当美国为了避免海洛因流入美国而在1970年代初迫使土耳其铲除该植物的种植时，农民不仅不得不应对收入的变化，而且还必须应对与土地和土地的关系的深刻变化。状态。尽管土耳其官员后来允许出于制药目的以高度可控的方式恢复生产，但土耳其罂粟种植社区的重要社会经济和生态方面已被永久改变。采访了即将退休的罂粟种植者，