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Diversification of honest signals in a predator-prey system.
Ecology Letters ( IF 7.6 ) Pub Date : 2010-07-06 , DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01469.x
Michael P Speed 1 , Graeme D Ruxton , Jon D Blount , Philip A Stephens
Affiliation  

Many animals use bright colouration to advertise their toxicity to predators. It is now well established that both toxicity and colouration are often variable within prey populations, yet it is an open question whether or not brighter signals should be used by the more toxic members of the population. We therefore describe a model in which signal honesty can easily be explained. We assumed that prey toxicity is environmentally conferred and variable between individuals, and that signalling bears a cost through attracting the attention of predators. A key assumption is that predators know the mean toxicity associated with each signalling level, so that the probability of attack for each signal value declines as mean toxicity associated with that signal increases. The probability of death given attack for each individual, however, declines with the precise value of its own toxicity, and prey must evolve the optimal level of signal to match the toxicity level that they acquire from their environments. At the start of our simulations there is no signalling system, as neither prey nor predators have biases that favour signal diversification. Over evolutionary time, however, a positive correlation emerges between signal strength and the mean toxicity associated with each signal level. When stability is reached, predators change their behaviour so that they now tend to avoid prey that signal conspicuously. In addition to predicting within-species signal reliability, our model can explain the initial evolution of aposematic displays without the need to assume special biases in predators.

中文翻译:

捕食者-食饵系统中诚实信号的多样化。

许多动物使用鲜艳的色彩来宣传其对捕食者的毒性。现已确定,在猎物种群中毒性和色泽通常都是可变的,但是种群中毒性较高的成员是否应使用更亮的信号是一个悬而未决的问题。因此,我们描述了一个可以轻松解释信号诚实的模型。我们假设猎物的毒性是环境赋予的,并且在个体之间是可变的,并且信号传递通过吸引捕食者的注意力而承担成本。一个关键的假设是,捕食者知道与每个信号水平相关的平均毒性,因此随着与该信号相关的平均毒性的增加,每个信号值受到攻击的可能性也会降低。但是,每个人受到攻击都会导致死亡的可能性,毒性会随着自身毒性的精确值而下降,猎物必须进化出最佳信号水平,以与其从环境中获取的毒性水平相匹配。在我们的模拟开始时,没有信号系统,因为猎物和掠食者都没有偏向信号多样化的偏见。然而,随着进化的时间,信号强度和与每个信号水平相关的平均毒性之间出现正相关。当达到稳定状态时,捕食者会改变其行为,以使它们现在趋向于避免明显捕捉到该信号的猎物。除了预测种内信号的可靠性外,我们的模型还可以解释姿势显示的初始演变,而无需在掠食者中假设特殊的偏见。猎物必须进化出最佳信号水平,以匹配其从环境中获取的毒性水平。在我们的模拟开始时,没有信号系统,因为猎物和掠食者都没有偏向信号多样化的偏见。然而,随着进化的时间,信号强度和与每个信号水平相关的平均毒性之间出现正相关。当达到稳定状态时,捕食者会改变其行为,以使它们现在趋向于避免明显捕捉到该信号的猎物。除了预测种内信号的可靠性外,我们的模型还可以解释无意义显示的初始演变,而无需假定天敌的特殊偏见。猎物必须进化出最佳信号水平,以匹配其从环境中获取的毒性水平。在我们的模拟开始时,没有信号系统,因为猎物和掠食者都没有偏向信号多样化的偏见。然而,随着进化的时间,信号强度和与每个信号水平相关的平均毒性之间出现正相关。当达到稳定状态时,捕食者会改变其行为,以使它们现在趋向于避免明显捕捉到该信号的猎物。除了预测种内信号的可靠性外,我们的模型还可以解释姿势显示的初始演变,而无需在掠食者中假设特殊的偏见。因为猎物和掠食者都没有偏向于信号多样化的偏见。然而,随着进化的时间,信号强度和与每个信号水平相关的平均毒性之间出现正相关。当达到稳定状态时,捕食者会改变其行为,以使它们现在趋向于避免明显捕捉到该信号的猎物。除了预测种内信号的可靠性外,我们的模型还可以解释姿势显示的初始演变,而无需在掠食者中假设特殊的偏见。因为猎物和掠食者都没有偏向于信号多样化的偏见。然而,随着进化的时间,信号强度和与每个信号水平相关的平均毒性之间出现正相关。当达到稳定状态时,捕食者会改变其行为,以使它们现在趋向于避免明显捕捉到该信号的猎物。除了预测种内信号的可靠性外,我们的模型还可以解释姿势显示的初始演变,而无需在掠食者中假设特殊的偏见。
更新日期:2010-05-12
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