The main drivers of global environmental change (CO2 enrichment, nitrogen deposition, climate, biotic invasions and land use) cause extinctions and alter species distributions, and recent evidence shows that they exert pervasive impacts on various antagonistic and mutualistic interactions among species. In this review, we synthesize data from 688 published studies to show that these drivers often alter competitive interactions among plants and animals, exert multitrophic effects on the decomposer food web, increase intensity of pathogen infection, weaken mutualisms involving plants, and enhance herbivory while having variable effects on predation. A recurrent finding is that there is substantial variability among studies in both the magnitude and direction of effects of any given GEC driver on any given type of biotic interaction. Further, we show that higher order effects among multiple drivers acting simultaneously create challenges in predicting future responses to global environmental change, and that extrapolating these complex impacts across entire networks of species interactions yields unanticipated effects on ecosystems. Finally, we conclude that in order to reliably predict the effects of GEC on community and ecosystem processes, the greatest single challenge will be to determine how biotic and abiotic context alters the direction and magnitude of GEC effects on biotic interactions.

中文翻译：

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陆地生态系统中的全球变化和物种相互作用。

全球环境变化的主要驱动力（二氧化碳富集，氮沉积，气候，生物入侵和土地利用）导致了物种的灭绝和物种分布的变化，最近的证据表明，它们对物种之间的各种拮抗和互惠互动产生了普遍影响。在这篇综述中，我们综合了688个已发表研究的数据，显示这些驱动因素经常改变动植物之间的竞争性相互作用，对分解食物网产生多重营养作用，增加病原体感染的强度，削弱植物的共生关系，并增强草食性。对捕食的各种影响。一个经常性的发现是，在任何给定的GEC驱动程序对任何给定类型的生物相互作用的影响的大小和方向上，研究之间都存在很大差异。进一步，我们表明，同时采取行动的多个驱动因素之间的高阶效应在预测未来对全球环境变化的响应时会带来挑战，并且将这些复杂的影响推算到整个物种相互作用网络中会对生态系统产生意想不到的影响。最后，我们得出结论，为了可靠地预测GEC对社区和生态系统过程的影响，最大的单一挑战将是确定生物和非生物环境如何改变GEC对生物相互作用的影响的方向和程度。