The importance of family considerations in mobility decisions of rural to urban migrants in India was investigated by analyzing evidence on urban rural ties. The empirical basis was a survey of migrant heads of households in Delhi conducted from October 1975 to April 1976. Only 14% of the migrants in the sample were accompanied by family members when they moved to Delhi, and at the time of the survey 44% of the sample were living on their own as nonfamilial households. 82% of the migrants reported having family members living in the area. In 1/3 of these cases the rural household contained the wife of the migrant. Over 3/4 of the sample visited their origin regularly, and 2/3 were sending money. Migration decisions are discussed in the context of the mutlicentered family, and urban rural family links are classified into several distinct types, and the importance of visits and remittances to origin for each of these types are investigated. An econometric analysis of conjugal separation is presented, and the determinants of remittances are investigated. The salient methodological innovations are a 7-part typology of urban rural familial links and the use of logit analysis in the identification of the important determinants of conjugal separation. Nearly 4/5 of the migrants visited their place of origin. The proportion reporting visits was higher for migrants who had family members at place of origin, but as many as 60% of the migrants not having family links maintained contact with rural residents through visits. If migrants recognized mutual kinship rights and obligations dictated by the social system, they maintained close functional ties with their kin. Only 56% of unmarried migrants living as nonfamilial units reported visits to origin compared to 92% of those living with their nuclear unit. For migrants who reported presence of family members at origin, there was no significant difference between landowners and nonlandowners in the proportion who reported visits. Married migrants who had left their wives in the rural area were more likely to visit origin during the agricultural busy periods. A majority of the migrants maintained economic links with the rural area, and in early all these cases financial flows were from the urban to the rural area. Remittances tended to be related positively to urban earnings and needs of the rural household and negatively to obligations in the urban household. There was no evidence of ties weakening over time, but migrants who planned to settle in the city remitted less. To an extent conjugal separation was temporary and reflected husbands and wives making the journey at different times. Migrants were also inhibited from bringing their wives to the city if they owned land at origin or had migrated to obtain cash for specific needs. A part of the explanation also lies in varying regional cultural and environmental characteristics.

中文翻译：

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城乡移民和家庭关系：对印度移民行为中家庭考虑因素的分析*

通过分析有关城乡联系的证据，研究了家庭考虑在印度农村到城市移民流动决策中的重要性。实证依据是 1975 年 10 月至 1976 年 4 月期间对德里的移民户主进行的调查。样本中只有 14% 的移民在迁往德里时有家人陪伴，而在调查时为 44%的样本作为非家庭住户独自生活。82% 的移民报告有家庭成员居住在该地区。在这些案例中，有 1/3 的农村家庭中有农民工的妻子。超过 3/4 的样本定期访问他们的来源，2/3 是汇款。在多元中心家庭的背景下讨论迁移决策，城市农村家庭联系分为几种不同的类型，并对每种类型的访问和汇款对原产地的重要性进行了调查。介绍了对夫妻分离的计量经济学分析，并研究了汇款的决定因素。显着的方法创新是城市农村家庭联系的 7 部分类型学和对数分析在确定婚姻分离的重要决定因素中的使用。近 4/5 的移民访问了他们的原籍地。有家庭成员在原籍地的流动人口报告访问的比例更高，但多达 60% 的没有家庭联系的流动人口通过访问与农村居民保持联系。如果移民承认社会制度规定的相互亲属关系的权利和义务，他们就会与亲属保持密切的功能联系。居住在非家庭单位的未婚移民中只有 56% 报告了原籍地的访问，而与核心单位生活的未婚移民相比，这一比例为 92%。对于报告在原籍地有家庭成员的移民，在报告访问的比例上，土地所有者和非土地所有者之间没有显着差异。把妻子留在农村的已婚农民工更有可能在农忙时期回乡。大多数农民工与农村地区保持着经济联系，而且在早期所有这些情况下，资金流都是从城市流向农村地区。汇款往往与城市收入和农村家庭的需求呈正相关，与城市家庭的义务呈负相关。没有证据表明关系会随着时间的推移而减弱，但计划在城市定居的移民汇款较少。在某种程度上，夫妻分居是暂时的，反映了丈夫和妻子在不同的时间旅行。如果移民在原地拥有土地或为了获得特定需求而迁移，则他们也被禁止将妻子带到城市。部分原因还在于不同的区域文化和环境特征。