This paper presents an approach to the description and analysis of complex Man-Machine Systems (MMSs) called Cognitive Systems Engineering (CSE). In contrast to traditional approaches to the study of man-machine systems which mainly operate on the physical and physiological level, CSE operates on the level of cognitive functions. Instead of viewing an MMS as decomposable by mechanistic principles, CSE introduces the concept of a cognitive system: an adaptive system which functions using knowledge about itself and the environment in the planning and modification of actions. Operators are generally acknowledged to use a model of the system (machine) with which they work. Similarly, the machine has an image of the operator. The designer of an MMS must recognize this, and strive to obtain a match between the machine's image and the user characteristics on a cognitive level, rather than just on the level of physical functions. This article gives a presentation of what cognitive systems are, and of how CSE can contribute to the design of an MMS, from cognitive task analysis to final evaluation.

中文翻译：

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认知系统工程：新瓶装新酒。

本文提出了一种描述和分析复杂的人机系统（MMS）的方法，称为认知系统工程（CSE）。与传统的研究人机系统的方法主要在生理和生理水平上相反，CSE在认知功能的水平上进行操作。CSE并没有将MMS视为可以由机械原理分解的MMS，而是引入了认知系统的概念：一种自适应系统，该系统在计划和修改操作时会使用有关自身和环境的知识来起作用。通常公认操作员使用与其一起工作的系统（机器）模型。类似地，机器具有操作员的图像。MMS的设计者必须认识到这一点，并努力使机器的 的图像和用户特征在认知层面上，而不仅仅是在生理功能层面上。本文介绍了什么是认知系统，以及从认知任务分析到最终评估，CSE如何为MMS的设计做出贡献。