This review presents the historical development and current status of the theory of the electrical double layer at a liquid/liquid interface. It gives rigorous thermodynamic definitions of all basic concepts related to liquid interfaces and to the electrical double layer. The difference between the surface of a solid electrode and the interface of two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) is analyzed in connection to their electrical properties. The most important classical relationships for the electrical double layer are presented and critically discussed. The generalized adsorption isotherm is derived. After a short review of the classical Gouy-Chapman and Verwey-Niessen models, more recent developments of the double layer theory are presented. These include effects of variable dielectric permittivity, nonlocal electrostatics, hydration forces, the modified Poisson-Boltzmann equation and the ion-dipole plasma. The relative merits of different theories are estimated by comparing them with computer simulation of the ITIES and electrical double layer. Special attention is given to the structure of ITIES and its variation due to adsorption of ions and amphiphilic molecules.

中文翻译：

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油/水界面的双电层

这篇综述介绍了液/液界面双电层理论的历史发展和现状。它给出了与液体界面和双电层相关的所有基本概念的严格热力学定义。分析了固体电极表面和两种不混溶电解质溶液 (ITIES) 的界面之间的差异，并结合它们的电性能。提出并批判性地讨论了双电层最重要的经典关系。导出了广义吸附等温线。在简要回顾经典的 Gouy-Chapman 和 Verwey-Niessen 模型之后，介绍了双层理论的最新发展。这些包括可变介电常数、非局部静电、水合力、修正的泊松-玻尔兹曼方程和离子偶极等离子体。不同理论的相对优点通过将它们与 ITIES 和双电层的计算机模拟进行比较来估计。特别注意 ITIES 的结构及其由于离子和两亲分子的吸附而引起的变化。