A sample of over 44 thousand Chilean marines was used to estimate the trend of mean heights from the 1820s to the 1890s. We confirm that there was height stagnation in the last decades of the nineteenth-century Chile despite sizeable per capita GDP growth; there were hidden nutritional costs to this economic growth. This situation resembles a similar puzzle in antebellum USA or early industrial Britain, but in the case of Chile GDP growth is not explained by industrialization but by export-led-growth. Still, the results are similar: height stagnation. Regarding the determinants of adult male height, our data also convincingly showed that there was a significant correlation between height and literacy. There was a positive correlation between height and white ethnicity, and, linked to this, a strong negative correlation between stature and eyes reported as "black". Finally, living in urban environments (or environments with higher population density) also negatively affected height.

中文翻译：

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关于十九世纪智利生活水平的新人类学证据。

超过4.4万名智利海军陆战队员的样本用于估算1820年代至1890年代平均高度的趋势。我们确认，尽管人均GDP增长可观，但在19世纪的最后几十年中智利仍处于停滞状态。这种经济增长隐藏着营养成本。这种情况类似于美国战前时期或早期工业化英国的类似难题，但是在智利，GDP增长不是由工业化解释，而是由出口带动的增长解释。尽管如此，结果还是相似的：身高停滞。关于成年男性身高的决定因素，我们的数据也令人信服地表明，身高与识字率之间存在显着相关性。身高与白人种族之间存在正相关，并且与此相关，身材和眼睛之间的强烈负相关被报告为“黑色”。最后，居住在城市环境（或人口密度较高的环境）中也对身高产生负面影响。