Severe effects of selenium (Se) occurred among birds feeding and nesting at Kesterson Reservoir (San Joaquin Valley, California, USA) in 1983 to 1985. This paper describes the integration of site monitoring, risk assessment, and management actions conducted after the effects of Se were discovered. Selenium contamination of the site occurred over just a few years, but actions to resolve the contamination issues required >20 y. The reservoir, a series of 12 ponds totaling about 1280 acres (518 hectares), served for storage and evaporation of subsurface agricultural drainage. Selenium concentrations in reservoir inflow in 1983 were about 300 µg/L, primarily as selenate; within the ponds it was biogeochemically reduced to other inorganic and organic forms and bioaccumulated by biota or deposited to sediments. An estimated 9000 kg of Se were delivered to Kesterson in 1981–1986. A 1985 order required cleanup and abatement of the reservoir, so the United States Bureau of Reclamation and the US Department of the Interior undertook actions and studies to reduce hazards to birds. In 1988, about 1 million cubic yards (764 500 m³) of soil were used to fill portions of the reservoir, transforming it into terrestrial habitat. Intensive monitoring began in 1989 to assess the impact of the reservoir on wildlife, provide a basis for adjusting site management, verify the effectiveness of cleanup actions, and provide a basis for modifying future monitoring. Monitoring continued until 2014, with modifications and management actions based on results of 2 risk assessments (1993 and 2000). Monitoring results in 2013–2014 showed that Se concentrations were relatively stable over time and risks to wildlife were low. From the initial problem discovery to the conclusion of actions taken to remediate the site, combining responsive, reactive, and adaptive monitoring; modeling; risk assessment; and mitigation actions proved effective in solving the problem so that risks to wildlife were reduced to minimal levels. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:257–268. © 2019 SETAC

中文翻译：

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凯斯特森水库（Kesterson Reservoir）：30年硒风险评估与管理。

硒（Se）的严重影响发生于1983年至1985年在Kesterson水库（美国加利福尼亚州圣华金河谷）的鸟类饲养和筑巢中。本文描述了在监测和影响之后进行现场监测，风险评估和管理措施的整合。硒被发现。现场对硒的污染仅发生了几年，但是解决污染问题的行动需要> 20年。该水库由一系列12个池塘组成，总计约1280英亩（518公顷），用于地下农业排水的存储和蒸发。1983年，水库中硒的浓度约为300 µg / L，主要为硒酸盐。在池塘中，它被生物地球化学还原为其他无机和有机形式，并被生物群生物积累或沉积到沉积物中。1981–1986年，估计有9000千克的硒运到了凯斯特森。1985年的一项命令要求清理和减少水库，因此美国垦殖局和美国内政部进行了行动和研究，以减少对鸟类的危害。1988年，约100万立方码（764 500 m³）土壤被用来填充部分水库，将其转变为陆地栖息地。1989年开始进行密集监视，以评估水库对野生生物的影响，为调整场地管理，验证清理行动的有效性提供基础，并为修改未来的监视提供基础。监测一直持续到2014年，并根据两次风险评估的结果（1993年和2000年）进行了修改和采取管理措施。2013-2014年的监测结果表明，硒的浓度随时间推移相对稳定，野生动植物的风险较低。从最初的问题发现到采取补救措施的结论，结合了响应式，反应式和自适应监视；造型; 风险评估;Integr环境评估管理2020； 16：257–268。©2019 SETAC