Agriculture will benefit from a rigorous characterization of genes for adult plant resistance (APR) since this gene class was recognized to provide more durable protection from plant diseases. The present study reports the identification of APR loci to powdery mildew in German winter wheat cultivars Cortez and Atlantis. Cortez was previously shown to carry all-stage resistance gene Pm3e. To avoid interference of Pm3e in APR studies, line 6037 that lacked Pm3e but showed field resistance from doubled-haploid (DH) population Atlantis/Cortez was used in two backcrosses to Atlantis for the establishment of DH population 6037/Atlantis//Atlantis. APR was assessed in the greenhouse 10, 15, and 20 days after inoculation (dai) from the 4-leaf stage onwards and combined with single-nucleotide polymorphism data in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and a linkage map-based quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis. In GWAS, two QTL were detected: one on chromosome 1BL 10 dai, the other on chromosome 2BL 20 dai. In conventional QTL analysis, both QTL were detected with all three disease ratings: the QTL on chromosome 1BL explained a maximum of 35.2% of the phenotypic variation 10 dai, whereas the QTL on chromosome 2BL explained a maximum of 43.5% of the phenotypic variation 20 dai. Compared with GWAS, linkage map-based QTL analysis allowed following the dynamics of QTL action. The two large-effect QTL for APR to powdery mildew with dynamic gene action can be useful for the enhancement of wheat germplasm.

中文翻译：

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成年植物对普通小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）白粉病抗性的动态QTL。

农业将受益于成年植物抗性（APR）基因的严格表征，因为该基因类别被认为可以提供更持久的植物病害防护。本研究报告了在德国冬小麦品种Cortez和Atlantis中发现白粉病的APR位点。先前已证明Cortez携带所有阶段的抗性基因Pm3e。为了避免Am研究中Pm3e的干扰，缺少Pm3e的6037行但是显示出来自双倍单倍体（DH）种群Atlantis / Cortez的田间抗性在两次回交中与Atlantis一起建立了DH种群6037 / Atlantis // Atlantis。从4叶阶段开始在接种后第10、15和20天（dai）对APR进行评估，并在全基因组关联研究（GWAS）和基于连锁图的定量分析中结合单核苷酸多态性数据性状基因座（QTL）分析。在GWAS中，检测到两个QTL：一个位于1BL 10 dai染色体上，另一个位于2BL 20 dai染色体上。在常规QTL分析中，两个QTL均具有所有三种疾病评级：染色体1BL上的QTL最多解释了10 dai表型变异的35.2％，而染色体2BL上的QTL最多解释了表型变异20的43.5％。 dai 与GWAS相比，基于链接图的QTL分析允许遵循QTL行为的动态变化。两种具有动态基因作用的APR高效白粉病QTL可以用于增强小麦种质。