In Autumn 2011, nonspecific clinical signs of pyrexia, diarrhoea, and drop in milk yield were observed in dairy cattle near the German town of Schmallenberg at the Dutch/German border. Targeted veterinary diagnostic investigations for classical endemic and emerging viruses could not identify a causal agent. Blood samples were collected from animals with clinical signs and subjected to metagenomic analysis; a novel orthobunyavirus was identified and named Schmallenberg virus (SBV). In late 2011/early 2012, an epidemic of abortions and congenital malformations in calves, lambs and goat kids, characterised by arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly were reported in continental Europe. Subsequently, SBV RNA was confirmed in both aborted and congenitally malformed foetuses and also in Culicoides species biting midges. It soon became evident that SBV was an arthropod-borne teratogenic virus affecting domestic ruminants. SBV rapidly achieved a pan-European distribution with most countries confirming SBV infection within a year or two of the initial emergence. The first Irish case of SBV was confirmed in the south of the country in late 2012 in a bovine foetus. Since SBV was first identified in 2011, a considerable body of scientific research has been conducted internationally describing this novel emerging virus. The aim of this systematic review is to provide a comprehensive synopsis of the most up-to-date scientific literature regarding the origin of SBV and the spread of the Schmallenberg epidemic, in addition to describing the species affected, clinical signs, pathogenesis, transmission, risk factors, impact, diagnostics, surveillance methods and control measures. This review also highlights current knowledge gaps in the scientific literature regarding SBV, most notably the requirement for further research to determine if, and to what extent, SBV circulation occurred in Europe and internationally during 2017 and 2018. Moreover, recommendations are also made regarding future arbovirus surveillance in Europe, specifically the establishment of a European-wide sentinel herd surveillance program, which incorporates bovine serology and Culicoides entomology and virology studies, at national and international level to monitor for the emergence and re-emergence of arboviruses such as SBV, bluetongue virus and other novel Culicoides-borne arboviruses.

中文翻译：

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Schmallenberg病毒：从爱尔兰的角度对系统的国际文献综述（2011-2019年）。

2011年秋天，在荷兰/德国边界的德国小镇施马伦贝格附近的奶牛中观察到了发热，腹泻和产奶量下降的非特异性临床体征。针对经典地方性和新兴病毒的定向兽医诊断调查无法确定病原体。从具有临床体征的动物中采集血样并进行宏基因组分析；鉴定出一种新颖的正支原体病毒并将其命名为Schmallenberg病毒（SBV）。2011年底/ 2012年初，欧洲大陆报道了小牛，羔羊和山羊羔流产和先天畸形的流行，其特征是关节角膜病和水肿。随后，在流产和先天畸形的胎儿中以及在咬咬蚊子的Culicoides物种中均确认了SBV RNA。很快就知道SBV是一种节肢动物传播的致畸病毒，会影响家庭反刍动物。SBV迅速实现了在整个欧洲的分布，大多数国家在最初出现后的一两年内确认了SBV感染。在爱尔兰南部，2012年末在牛胎儿中证实了第一例SBV爱尔兰病例。自从2011年首次发现SBV以来，国际上已进行了大量科学研究来描述这种新出现的病毒。本系统综述的目的是提供关于SBV的起源和Schmallenberg流行病传播的最新科学文献的综合提要，除了描述受影响的物种，临床体征，发病机理，传播，风险因素，影响，诊断，监视方法和控制措施。这篇综述还着重指出了关于SBV的科学文献中当前的知识差距，最值得注意的是需要进行进一步研究以确定SBV在2017年和2018年在欧洲和国际上是否以及在何种程度上发生过流通。此外，还提出了关于未来的建议。在欧洲进行虫媒病毒监视，特别是在欧洲和欧洲范围内建立了定点牛群监视计划，该计划将牛血清学和库库克虫病昆虫学和病毒学研究相结合，在国家和国际层面上监视诸如SBV，bluetongue等虫媒病毒的出现和再出现病毒和其他新型库里科德氏虫病毒。