Background. Schistosomiasis is the second major human parasitic disease next to malaria, in terms of socioeconomic and public health consequences, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Schistosoma haematobium (S. haematobium) is a trematode and one of the species of Schistosoma that cause urogenital schistosomiasis (urinary schistosomiasis). Although the knowledge of this disease has improved over the years, there are still endemic areas, with most of the reported cases in Africa, including Ghana. Not much has been done in Ghana to investigate cytological abnormalities in individuals within endemic communities, although there are epidemiologic evidences linking S. haematobium infection with carcinoma of the bladder. Aim. The aim of this study was to identify microscopic and cytological abnormalities in the urine deposits of S. haematobium-infected children. Methodology. Three hundred and sixty-seven (367) urine samples were collected from school children in Zenu and Weija communities. All the samples were examined microscopically for the presence of S. haematobium eggs, after which the infected samples and controls were processed for cytological investigation. Results. S. haematobium ova were present in 66 (18.0%) out of the 367 urine samples. Inflammatory cells (82%, 54/66), hyperkeratosis (47%, 31/66), and squamous cell metaplasia (24%, 16/66) were the main observations made during the cytological examination of the S. haematobium-infected urine samples. Conclusion. Cytological abnormalities in S. haematobium-infected children may play an important role in the severity of the disease, leading to the possible development of bladder cancer in later years, if early attention is not given. Therefore, routine cytological screening for urogenital schistosomiasis patients (especially children) at hospitals in S. haematobium-endemic locations is recommended.

中文翻译：

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血吸虫感染儿童尿液中的细胞学和湿式显微镜观察：提示膀胱癌。

背景。就社会经济和公共卫生后果而言，尤其是在撒哈拉以南非洲地区，血吸虫病是仅次于疟疾的第二大人类寄生虫病。血吸虫（S. haematobium）是一种吸虫，是引起泌尿生殖道血吸虫病（尿道血吸虫病）的血吸虫种之一。尽管多年来对这种疾病的认识有所提高，但仍有流行地区，大多数报告的病例在非洲，包括加纳。尽管有流行病学证据将S. haematobium感染与膀胱癌联系起来，但加纳尚未对流行社区内个体的细胞学异常进行调查。瞄准。本研究的目的是确定S. haematobium感染儿童的尿液沉积物中的微观和细胞学异常。方法论。从 Zenu 和 Weija 社区的学童收集了三百六十七 (367) 份尿液样本。用显微镜检查所有样品是否存在血吸虫卵，然后处理受感染的样品和对照以进行细胞学研究。结果。血吸虫在 367 个尿液样本中，有 66 个（18.0%）存在卵子。炎性细胞 (82%, 54/66)、角化过度 (47%, 31/66) 和鳞状细胞化生 (24%, 16/66) 是在对S. haematobium感染的尿液进行细胞学检查期间的主要观察结果样品。结论。如果不及早注意，受血链球菌感染的儿童的细胞学异常可能对疾病的严重程度起重要作用，导致可能在以后几年发展为膀胱癌。因此，建议在血吸虫流行地区的医院对泌尿生殖系统血吸虫病患者（尤其是儿童）进行常规细胞学筛查。