The trade of glass beads has long been assumed to have been under Islamic dominance during the early centuries following the Arab conquest of the Middle East, judged by the prevalence of Islamic beads in the archaeological contexts from Viking Scandinavia to medieval Morocco. This paper explores the impact of the Byzantine-Slavic transition on the use and by extension trade of glass beads in the Balkans from the seventh to the ninth century CE. A series of 48 glass beads and 4 vessel fragments from two excavated sites in modern day Albania have been analysed morphologically, technologically and chemically by LA-ICP-MS. The seventh-century beads from Lezha have typological parallels among central European assemblages and are made from recycled natron-type glass. The presence of a high lead-iron-natron variant is of particular interest as it potentially reflects a regional production. The ninth-century beads from Komani are made from soda-rich plant ash glass from the eastern Mediterranean and Mesopotamia and correspond to an Islamic typology. The chronological and geographical differences are reflected in the distinctive cobalt sources used for the two groups. While the beads from Lezha are coloured with a cobalt not correlated with any particular element, the cobalt source of the Komani samples is associated with zinc, typical of Islamic glass making. It thus appears that the supply of beads during the seventh century when the Balkans were under Slavic occupation relied on regional production and recycled material, and that a long-distance trade with the eastern Mediterranean was revived following the Byzantine re-conquest of the south-eastern Adriatic in the ninth century. Intriguingly, the Albanian finds confirm the Islamic control of the production and trade of glass beads during this period and highlight the mediatory role of the Byzantine Empire.

中文翻译：

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中世纪早期的Illyricum玻璃珠贸易：走向伊斯兰垄断。

长期以来，人们一直认为，在阿拉伯征服中东之后的几个世纪初期，玻璃珠的贸易一直处于伊斯兰的统治之下，这是由伊斯兰珠在维京斯堪的纳维亚半岛到中世纪摩洛哥的考古背景中的盛行来判断的。本文探讨了公元7世纪到9世纪巴尔干半岛玻璃珠的使用和扩展贸易对拜占庭-斯拉夫转型的影响。通过LA-ICP-MS对形态学，技术和化学进行了形态学，技术和化学分析，分析了来自现代阿尔巴尼亚两个挖掘地点的一系列48个玻璃珠和4个容器碎片。勒扎（Lezha）的七世纪珠子在中欧组合中具有类型上的相似之处，并由可回收的Natron型玻璃制成。高铅-铁-核素变体的存在特别令人感兴趣，因为它可能反映出区域性生产。来自科马尼（Komani）的九世纪珠子是由来自地中海东部和美索不达米亚的富含苏打水的植物灰玻璃制成的，与伊斯兰教的类型相对应。在时间和地理上的差异反映在两组所使用的独特钴来源上。来自Lezha的珠子上涂有与任何特定元素均不相关的钴，而Komani样品中的钴来源与伊斯兰玻璃制造中典型的锌相关。因此，看来在七世纪巴尔干被斯拉夫占领期间，珠子的供应依赖于区域生产和回收材料，并且在九世纪拜占庭式重新占领东南亚得里亚海之后，与地中海东部的长途贸易得以恢复。有趣的是，阿尔巴尼亚人的发现证实了这一时期伊斯兰对玻璃珠生产和贸易的控制，并突显了拜占庭帝国的调解作用。