The large plasticity, dynamics and adaptability of biological membranes allow different modes of intrinsic and inducible permeability. These phenomena are of physiological importance for a number of natural functions related to cell death and can also be manipulated artificially for practical purposes like gene transfer, drug delivery, prevention of infections or anticancer therapy. For these advances to develop in a controllable and specific way, we need a sufficient understanding of the membrane permeability phenomena. Since the formulation of early concepts of pore formation, there has been an enormous effort to describe membrane permeability by using theory, simulations and experiments. A major breakthrough has come recently through theoretical developments that allow building continuous trajectories of pore formation both in the absence and presence of stress conditions. The new model provides a coherent quantitative view of membrane permeabilization, useful to test the impact of known lipid properties, make predictions and postulate specific pore intermediates that can be studied by simulations. For example, this theory predicts unprecedented dependencies of the line tension on the pore radius and on applied lateral tension which explain previous puzzling results. In parallel, important concepts have also come from molecular dynamics simulations, of which the role of water for membrane permeabilization is of special interest. These advances open new challenges and perspectives for future progress in the study of membrane permeability, as experiments and simulations will need to test the theoretical predictions, while theory achieves new refinements that provide a physical ground for observations.

中文翻译：

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膜中自发和应力诱导的孔形成：理论，实验和模拟。

生物膜的大可塑性，动力学和适应性允许固有和诱导渗透的不同模式。这些现象对于许多与细胞死亡有关的自然功能具有重要的生理意义，也可以为诸如基因转移，药物输送，预防感染或抗癌治疗等实际目的进行人工操纵。为了以可控制的特定方式发展这些进步，我们需要对膜渗透性现象有足够的了解。自从形成孔的早期概念以来，就已经进行了大量的工作来通过理论，模拟和实验来描述膜的渗透性。最近的一项重大突破是理论发展，该理论发展允许在不存在和存在应力条件的情况下建立连续的孔隙形成轨迹。新模型提供了膜通透性的连贯定量视图，可用于测试已知脂质特性的影响，进行预测并推测可通过模拟研究的特定孔中间体。例如，该理论预测线张力对孔半径和所施加的侧向张力的前所未有的依赖性，这解释了先前的令人困惑的结果。同时，重要的概念也来自分子动力学模拟，其中水对于膜通透性的作用尤为重要。