For more than a century, studies on tunicate muscle formation have revealed many principles of cell fate specification, gene regulation, morphogenesis, and evolution. Here, we review the key studies that have probed the development of all the various muscle cell types in a wide variety of tunicate species. We seize this occasion to explore the implications and questions raised by these findings in the broader context of muscle evolution in chordates.

中文翻译：

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被膜的肌肉发育的调节和进化。

一个多世纪以来，关于被覆肌肉形成的研究揭示了细胞命运规范，基因调控，形态发生和进化的许多原理。在这里，我们回顾了关键研究，这些研究探讨了各种被膜物种中各种肌肉细胞类型的发展。我们抓住这个机会来探讨这些发现在脊索动物肌肉进化的更广泛背景下的含义和问题。